Towards disposable sensors for drug quality control: Dextromethorphan screen‐ printed electrodes

Abstract

A simple, rapid, reliable, and reproducible method for mass production of disposable sensors using screen-printing technology is described. Homemade printing has been characterized and optimized on the basis of effects of the modifier and plasticizers. The fabricated bi-electrode potentiometric strip containing both working and reference electrode was used as dextromethorphan (DXM) sensor. The proposed sensors worked satisfactorily in the concentration range from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻² mol L⁻¹ with detection limit reaching 6 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ and adequate shelf life of 8 months. DXM was determined in pharmaceutical formulations under batch and flow injection analysis (FIA) conditions with sampling output 120 h⁻¹.

Disposable screen-printed sensors for determination of duloxetine hydrochloride

“…The plain SPCEs were soaked in different DL-ion pair(s) suspensions and used in potentiometric determination of DL hydrochloride. Results obtained showed that the electrodes soaked in DL-phosphomolybdate gave the best performance indicated by the highest slope (57 ± 0.4 mV decade -1 ) which may be attributed to the difference in solubility products of these ion pairs and their extraction into the electrode bulk solution [20], (Table 1). …”

Cyclodextrin-based dextromethorphan potentiometric sensors

“…1) indicated that the developed sensors can be successfully applied for the potentiometric determination of DXM in the concentration range from 10 À7 to 10 À2 mol L À1 and CWEs were the most sensitive as the measured LOD was 7.0 Â 10 À8 mol L À1 . It is noteworthy to mention that sensors based on b-CD as sensing material, showed two magnitude of sensitivity more than that based on DXM-ion pairs [29][30][31], which may be attributed to the encapsulation of DXM molecule into the CDs toroidal cavity (host-guest interaction).…”

“…DXM electrodes incorporated with different ion-association complexes of DXM with reineckate salt or phosphomolybdic acid [29], tetraphenylborate [30,31] have recently been found in literature. The cited electrode showed a useful working range from 10 À5 to 10 À2 mol L À1 with detection limit reaching 6 Â 10 À6 mol L À1 .…”

A categorical review on electroanalytical determination of non-narcotic over-the-counter abused antitussive drugs

“…The FIA system was preferred, since it allowed high sampling output with a relatively short analysis time ($ 1 min). Later, the same team developed disposable DXM sensitive potentiometric sensors based on screen printed electrodes (SPEs) using home-made carbon ink utilising the same IPs [63], as mentioned above. The modified electrodes were in the form of a bi-electrode strip having both working and reference electrodes.…”