Towards an Understanding of the Role of
            <i>Clostridium Perfringens</i>
            Toxins in Human and Animal Disease

Uzal, Francisco A.; Freedman, John C.; Shrestha, Archana; Theoret, James R.; García, J. Arrazola; Awad, Milena M.; Adams, Vicki; Moore, Robert J.; Rood, Julian I.; McClane, Bruce A.

doi:10.2217/fmb.13.168

Cited by 359 publications

(330 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Strains of C. perfringens are conventionally classified into five toxigenic types (A-E) based on their capacity to produce one or more of the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) (UZAL et al, 2014). Furthermore, C. perfringens can produce additional virulence factors such as enterotoxin, which is responsible for diarrhea in humans (LINDSTRÖM et al, 2011), necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB), which is responsible for necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens (KEYBURN et al, 2008), and NetF, which is associated with acute diarrhea in dogs and foals (GOHARI et al, 2015;DINIZ et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

et al. 2017

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The importance of Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile for most wild animal species remains unclear. This study aimed to isolate and genotype C. perfringens and C. difficile in stool samples from free-living and captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius and Sapajus libidinosus) in Brazil. Ten free-living S. flavius and 14 captive S. libidinosus were sampled for this study. To isolate C. difficile, stool samples were inoculated on plates containing cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar supplemented with horse blood and sodium taurocholate. Two different protocols for C. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and enrichment in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth followed by plating onto selective agar. C. difficile was not detected in the present study. The results were identical for both protocols tested for isolation of C. perfringens. Four samples (16.7%) were positive for C. perfringens type A, including one sample from a free-living animal (4.2%) and three from captive animals (12.5%), meaning there was no significant difference between these two groups. C. perfringens isolates were negative for all additional virulence factors evaluated, including enterotoxin encoding-gene (cpe) and beta-2 encoding-gene (cpb2). These results suggested that C. perfringens type A is found in the microbiota of capuchin monkeys, although it is less frequent than previously reported in domestic animals.

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confidence: 99%

Isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

et al. 2017

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“…The number of characterised C. perfringens toxins is ever increasing; with more than 20 different toxins and enzymes classified to date, see Table 1 3,5,9,11 . With a few important exceptions, these toxins are encoded on large conjugative plasmids 4,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , which allows for potential toxin gene transfer between different C. perfringens strains in the gastrointestinal tract and may prolong disease 10 .…”

Section: Toxins and Toxin Gene Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a few important exceptions, these toxins are encoded on large conjugative plasmids 4,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , which allows for potential toxin gene transfer between different C. perfringens strains in the gastrointestinal tract and may prolong disease 10 . C. perfringens utilises chromosomally encoded toxins, such as alpha-toxin and perfringolysin O, during human histotoxic infections or human food poisoning (C. perfringens enterotoxin, CPE) 3 . However, for reasons that are probably related to disease epidemiology, plasmid-encoded toxins are critical for non-foodborne human gastrointestinal diseases, human enteritis necroticans and gastrointestinal diseases of animals 3,10 .…”

Section: Toxins and Toxin Gene Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C. perfringens utilises chromosomally encoded toxins, such as alpha-toxin and perfringolysin O, during human histotoxic infections or human food poisoning (C. perfringens enterotoxin, CPE) 3 . However, for reasons that are probably related to disease epidemiology, plasmid-encoded toxins are critical for non-foodborne human gastrointestinal diseases, human enteritis necroticans and gastrointestinal diseases of animals 3,10 .…”

Section: Toxins and Toxin Gene Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridium perfringens extracellular toxins and enzymes: 20 and counting

2015

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Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment; it is found in soil and commonly inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals1,2. The ubiquitous nature of this bacterium has resulted in it becoming a major cause of histotoxic and enteric diseases3. The success of C. perfringens as both a pathogen and a commensal bacterium lies in its ability to produce a large number of potent toxins and extracellular enzymes4. This diverse toxin repertoire results in a broad range of diseases including gas gangrene, various enterotoxaemias, food poisoning and necrotic enteritis4–6. Since 2007, six new toxins have been identified, adding to the ever-increasing range of potential C. perfringens virulence determinants. This paper briefly reviews the plethora of toxins and extracellular enzymes produced by C. perfringens, highlighting their importance in disease and strain classification as well as introducing the latest additions to the ever increasing C. perfringens toxin family.

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“…The members of histotoxic Clostridia are invasive and cause extensive destruction of muscle and connective tissue and are characterized by the formation of gas, including Clostridium chavoei, C. colinum, C. hemolyticum, C. novyi, C. perfringens, C. septicum and C. sordellii. The neurotoxic Clostridia including C. botulinum and C. tetani, C. difficile and C. spiroforme are noninvasive and produce neurotoxin (3).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, Specification, Molecular Biology Assessment and Vaccine Development of Clostridium in Iran: A Review

Langroudi

2015

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Context: The genus Clostridium, which consists of spore-forming anaerobes, can cause different diseases in domestic animals and human and some of them are serious and fatal. According to the increasing economic value of the meat and milk-producing animals, the importance of a certain number of such diseases in Iran is unquestionable. Evidence Acquisition: In Iran, and probably in other Near East countries, much attention was formerly paid to control more serious contagious diseases, such as rinderpest, anthrax, etc. resulting in the negligence of diseases such as enterotoxaemia. The epizootiological position has now changed whereby some of the contagious diseases are eradicated or are being methodically controlled. Now it is time to care about the other problems such as clostridial diseases, which threaten the health of the sheep and cattle. It is impossible to eradicate these infectious microorganisms, since they are normally found in the soil and the intestinal contents of apparently healthy animals. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to vaccination which in some cases has given encouraging results. To avoid the losses from such infections it is necessary to have the best possible vaccination information, methodically and regularity of the susceptible animals. Conclusions: This review refers to the veterinary aspects of the anaerobic clostridial diseases and vaccine development concerning the works carried out in Iran and especially at the Razi Serum and Vaccine Research Institute in the last eight decades.

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Towards an Understanding of the Role of Clostridium Perfringens Toxins in Human and Animal Disease

Cited by 359 publications

References 95 publications

Isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

Isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

Clostridium perfringens extracellular toxins and enzymes: 20 and counting

Isolation, Specification, Molecular Biology Assessment and Vaccine Development of Clostridium in Iran: A Review

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