Towards a Global Entrepreneurial Culture: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Education Programs

Abstract

The number of entrepreneurship education programs (EEP) has increased exponentially over the past two decades. However, a systematic review has not yet been carried out to confirm the effectiveness of EEPs and their presence in the current global world. The main objective of this study was to provide a systematic synthesis of EEP, exploring their characteristics and effectiveness. The search was carried out in the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and ERIC. Twenty-nine articles were included, with programs developed mainly in European (n=15), Asian (n=6) and American (n=5) countries. The programs were mainly aimed at higher education students (n=17), addressing the development of business plans and entrepreneurial skills. However, greater attention is paid to the entrepreneurial skills in both basic and secondary education. The development of the programs under analysis varied between one week and two years. The results of the studies showed the effectiveness of most of these programs in promoting entrepreneurial skills at all levels of education. In turn, there was not a verified increase in the intention to start a business, since this intention is determined by predisposition, namely socio-cultural and family aspects. This systematic review of the EEP points to the need for this type of program to be preferentially developed since the early school years, since it is at that time that predispositions are created for the development of entrepreneurial skills and intentions. This condition is corroborated by the global geography of the EEP, which demonstrates that, where there is currently an entrepreneurial culture, countries have made a long educational journey, with strategic options from the perspective of educational policies defending entrepreneurship among the younger generations.

An Empirical Relationship between Entrepreneurial Training and Economic Growth of Pakistan

“…In this regard, European commission has developed the "Entrepreneurship 2020 plan" and that is based on three key pillars including developing entrepreneurship and training, providing right framework and producing conducive culture (EESC, 2013). Hence, Jardim et al, (2021) emphasized upon the role of entrepreneurial skills and how, the entrepreneurship skills are necessary in current digital environment as he defined entrepreneurial skills as, the knowledge, attitudes and skills, developed by someone to create new products, services or carry out the specific projects successfully with respect to the targeted population. Normally, it is a myth that follows globally that, higher education can guarantee the employment but, this has become untrue in the case of Pakistan, where more than 44% degree holders in the working age population are either unemployed or out of labor force and only 56% are employed (Labor force survey 2020-21).…”

COMPETÊNCIAS EMPREENDEDORAS PARA SER BEM-SUCEDIDO NO MUNDO GLOBAL E DIGITAL: proposta de um quadro de referência

“…Mas estas problemática agudiza-se quando os Grant, 2016;Choi et al, 2020;Jardim et al, 2021a). Nas regiões onde se verificam baixos níveis de empreendedorismo, constatam-se índices de pobreza elevados (Forcher-Mayr & Mahlknecht, 2020;Yunus, 2008;Zeanah et al, 2018).…”

Choosing Self-Care and Preservation: Examining Black Women STEM Faculty’s Decision to Pursue Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Education Programming

“…During the late 20 th century, EEPs became increasingly popular in United States higher education institutions [12]. At the time, colleges and universities were seeking new ways to increase their financial revenue due to decreases in state and national funding [13], [14].…”