Towards a Business Case for Vehicle-to-Grid—Maximizing Profits in Ancillary Service Markets

Overview and Future Challenges on the Connection of Electric Vehicles into Modern Distribution Power Systems

“…The advantages of the technologies that are part of electric mobility are quite comprehensive, given its current development and market. In this sense, reviews found in the literature focused mainly on V2G mobility technologies, such as [20][21], the authors point out the following potential benefits related to the use of this technology:  Integration with renewable energies (usually linked to technical aspects, not environmental or economic ones);  Provision of network operation, smart-grid, storage, and microgrid services;  Environmental aspects (climate change and air pollution);  Future scenarios where the bidirectional integration of energy from EVs will be better explored;  The emergence of smarter electrical networks with great potential to reinforce the advantages of V2G.…”

Critical Elements of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Economics

“…Typically the utility or system operator contracts for a specified level of power generation to be available for a specified period. For example, the minimum contract for the Singapore grid is 1 MW for ½ hour (Ciechanowicz et al 2015). Generators are classified based on their response time, which ranges from a few seconds to several minutes (Agarwal et al 2014).…”

Simulation-based approach for investigating the impact of electric vehicles on power grids

“…The bottom-up synthesis of a power grid requires data on the number 2 , location 3 and power demand 4 of consumers connected to the various voltage levels. The raw data reveals a total peak power demand of 6 340 MW 5 for 117 852 geographically distributed consumers.…”

“…With large market penetrations of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), however, additional demand for electricity arises which may have detrimental effects on power grid stability [1]- [3]. These could either be avoided by expanding the infrastructure or by implementing smarter charging strategies [4]- [7]. A number of previous studies has investigated the effects of PEV charging on load profiles [8]- [10].…”