“…In addition to being an integral part of the plant’s own biological machinery and acting as a defense frontline during plant infection and growth and development, plant extracellular vesicles have also been developed as therapeutic agents to play a role in human health and disease ( Rutter and Innes, 2018 ; Dad et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2022 ). The active substances such as proteins and nucleic acids contained in plant extracellular vesicles can maintain their physiological activities in recipient cells and affect the development of diseases ( Baldrich et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2022 ). Plant extracellular vesicles can resist the activity of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract without being broken down, can be absorbed in the intestine, and can also function through the blood route ( Munir et al, 2020 ).…”
Extracellular vesicles are tiny lipid bilayer-enclosed membrane particles, including apoptotic bodies, micro vesicles, and exosomes. Organisms of all life forms can secrete extracellular vesicles into their surrounding environment, which serve as important communication tools between cells and between cells and the environment, and participate in a variety of physiological processes. According to new evidence, plant extracellular vesicles play an important role in the regulation of transboundary molecules with interacting organisms. In addition to carrying signaling molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, metabolic wastes, etc.) to mediate cellular communication, plant cells External vesicles themselves can also function as functional molecules in the cellular microenvironment across cell boundaries. This review introduces the source and extraction of plant extracellular vesicles, and attempts to clarify its anti-tumor mechanism by summarizing the current research on plant extracellular vesicles for disease treatment. We speculate that the continued development of plant extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic and drug delivery platforms will benefit their clinical applications.
“…In addition to being an integral part of the plant’s own biological machinery and acting as a defense frontline during plant infection and growth and development, plant extracellular vesicles have also been developed as therapeutic agents to play a role in human health and disease ( Rutter and Innes, 2018 ; Dad et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2022 ). The active substances such as proteins and nucleic acids contained in plant extracellular vesicles can maintain their physiological activities in recipient cells and affect the development of diseases ( Baldrich et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2022 ). Plant extracellular vesicles can resist the activity of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract without being broken down, can be absorbed in the intestine, and can also function through the blood route ( Munir et al, 2020 ).…”
Extracellular vesicles are tiny lipid bilayer-enclosed membrane particles, including apoptotic bodies, micro vesicles, and exosomes. Organisms of all life forms can secrete extracellular vesicles into their surrounding environment, which serve as important communication tools between cells and between cells and the environment, and participate in a variety of physiological processes. According to new evidence, plant extracellular vesicles play an important role in the regulation of transboundary molecules with interacting organisms. In addition to carrying signaling molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, metabolic wastes, etc.) to mediate cellular communication, plant cells External vesicles themselves can also function as functional molecules in the cellular microenvironment across cell boundaries. This review introduces the source and extraction of plant extracellular vesicles, and attempts to clarify its anti-tumor mechanism by summarizing the current research on plant extracellular vesicles for disease treatment. We speculate that the continued development of plant extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic and drug delivery platforms will benefit their clinical applications.
“…ultracentrifugation, gel filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, immunoaffinity separation, etc. are the methods of PELNs isolation (59). Differential ultracentrifugation is still the "gold standard" due to its wide applicability, large capacity, easy scaleup, and relatively high purity (59).…”
Section: Pelns Biogenesis and Isolationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…are the methods of PELNs isolation (59). Differential ultracentrifugation is still the "gold standard" due to its wide applicability, large capacity, easy scaleup, and relatively high purity (59). Figure 2 demonstrates the procedure of the commonly used differential ultracentrifugation method of PELNs isolation.…”
Periodontitis is an infectious oral disease, which leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues and tooth loss. Although the treatment of periodontitis has improved recently, the effective treatment of periodontitis and the periodontitis-affected periodontal tissues is still a challenge. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis. Natural products show anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and bone protective effects to periodontitis and most of these natural products are safe and cost-effective. Among these, the plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs), a type of natural nanocarriers repleted with lipids, proteins, RNAs, and other active molecules, show the ability to enter mammalian cells and regulate cellular activities. Reports from the literature indicate the great potential of PELNs in the regulation of immune functions, inflammation, microbiome, and tissue regeneration. Moreover, PELNs can also be used as drug carriers to enhance drug stability and cellular uptake in vivo. Since regulation of immune function, inflammation, microbiome, and tissue regeneration are the key phenomena usually targeted during periodontitis treatment, the PELNs hold the promising potential for periodontitis treatment. This review summarizes the recent advances in PELNs-related research that are related to the treatment of periodontitis and regeneration of periodontitis-destructed tissues and the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the existing challenges and prospects of the application of PELNs-based therapeutic approaches for periodontitis treatment.
“…Plant-derived edible nanoparticles (PDENs) are nanostructured vesicles secreted by edible plants such as lemon, grapefruit, broccoli, and ginger . As renewable and natural resources for green nanofactories, PDENs provide an ideal strategy for producing valuable medical drugs and nanomaterials. − For example, ginger-derived PDENs can be preferentially taken up by gut microbioes and deliver RNAs (ath-miR167a) that alter microbiome composition and host physiology, further ameliorating mouse colitis . PDEN research often focuses on plant-derived exosomes and lipid nanoparticles.…”
To date, plant medicine research has focused mainly on the chemical compositions of plant extracts and their medicinal effects. However, the therapeutic or toxic effects of nanoparticles in plant extracts remain unclear. In this study, large numbers of spherical nanoparticles were discovered in some plant extracts. Nanoparticles in Turkish galls extracts were used as an example to examine their pH responsiveness, free radical scavenging, and antibacterial capabilities. By utilizing the underlying formation mechanism of these nanoparticles, a general platform to produce spherical nanoparticles via direct self-assembly of Turkish gall extracts and various functional proteins was developed. The results showed that the nanoparticles retained both the antibacterial ability and intracellular carrier ability of the original protein or catechol. This work introduces a new member of the plant-derived edible nanoparticle (PDEN) family, establishes a simple and versatile platform for mass production nanoparticles, and provides new insight into the formation mechanism of nanoparticles during plant extraction.
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