The Emerging Role of Plant-Derived Exosomes-Like Nanoparticles in Immune Regulation and Periodontitis Treatment

Abstract

Periodontitis is an infectious oral disease, which leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues and tooth loss. Although the treatment of periodontitis has improved recently, the effective treatment of periodontitis and the periodontitis-affected periodontal tissues is still a challenge. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis. Natural products show anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and bone protective effects to periodontitis and most of these natural products are safe and cost-effective. Among these, the plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs), a type of natural nanocarriers repleted with lipids, proteins, RNAs, and other active molecules, show the ability to enter mammalian cells and regulate cellular activities. Reports from the literature indicate the great potential of PELNs in the regulation of immune functions, inflammation, microbiome, and tissue regeneration. Moreover, PELNs can also be used as drug carriers to enhance drug stability and cellular uptake in vivo. Since regulation of immune function, inflammation, microbiome, and tissue regeneration are the key phenomena usually targeted during periodontitis treatment, the PELNs hold the promising potential for periodontitis treatment. This review summarizes the recent advances in PELNs-related research that are related to the treatment of periodontitis and regeneration of periodontitis-destructed tissues and the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the existing challenges and prospects of the application of PELNs-based therapeutic approaches for periodontitis treatment.

Therapeutic potential of exosome‐based personalized delivery platform in chronic inflammatory diseases

“…More cell-derived exosomes such as immune cells need to be developed to enrich and develop this therapeutic strategy. Recently, milk-derived exosomes and plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PENs) have attracted wide attention as drug delivery carriers with great potential [124] , [125] , [126] . They have little cytotoxicity to healthy tissue and are widely and economically available.…”

The Applications and Potentials of Extracellular Vesicles from Different Cell Sources in Periodontal Regeneration

“…Hence, they can be used as safe and economical therapeutic drugs and delivery carriers [ 167 , 168 ]. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that PEVs possess great potential to modulate immunity, inflammation, microbiome, and tissue regeneration [ 169 ]. Here, we mainly focus on their functions to summarize and prospect the therapeutic effects of PEVs in periodontitis treatment and periodontal regeneration.…”

Fighting Fire with Fire: Exosomes and Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury

“…Researchers have discovered that edible plants may generate nanoscale EVs with shapes and components comparable to animal exosomes [ 183 ]. Furthermore, plant-derived exosomes are biocompatible and safe to consume, with no side effects or possible toxicity [ 184 , 185 ]. Plant-derived exosomes may penetrate biological barriers to transport lipid-soluble and hydrophilic target molecules to tissues in vivo, increasing the target molecules’ bioavailability or effectiveness of the target molecules [ 186 ].…”