Toward the Evolution of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Development in Indonesia

Abstract

Over the last 25 years, the potential benefits of sharing and reusing geographic information for national development programs have led many countries to establish their own national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). Indonesia is among the early adopters; however, despite its early introduction of NSDI concepts, the implementation has encountered some difficulties. The main objective of this study is to understand the evolution of NSDI development in Indonesia and then develop strategic directions for future implementation. We first characterized periods of current NSDI development based on the use of technology and identified problems that have occurred. To understand the problems' causes, we conducted a stakeholder analysis utilizing questionnaire surveys. In addition, we analyzed cost components allocated for NSDI operation. The results showed that stakeholders' low participation was caused by insufficient technological, financial, and human resources to manage geographic information. Subsequently, a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis was conducted to determine proposed directions of the institutional and technical aspects. This research provides the framework for analyzing NSDI evolution in one country-Indonesia. The proposed directions can be applied in other countries to ensure effective NSDI development and implementation. ability to bring these technologies into use depends on not only technical aspects but also agreement with common policies, standards, and institutional frameworks [14,15].Indonesia is considered an early adopter of the first-generation NSDI [11]. The National Coordinating Agency for Surveying and Mapping (Bakosurtanal) led the initiative in the early 1990s through a group meeting of several public institutions. The government wanted to coordinate various geographic information system (GIS) data produced by different agencies and reduce duplication of such data among them [16]. In 2011, the government issued the Geospatial Information Law as the main foundation of NSDI development in Indonesia. One goal of this law was to ensure the availability of, and access to, accountable geospatial information. To achieve this, there was a need to establish a geospatial information infrastructure incorporating the following five pillars: policy, institutional structure, technology, standards, and human resources. With the enactment of this law, Bakosurtanal was transformed into the Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG) and became the national agency for organizing geospatial information.Despite its timely adoption of the NSDI concept, Indonesia's geospatial information development still faces some challenges. As stated in [17,18], the limited amount of detailed geospatial data in the form of high-scale urban planning maps is identified as an obstacle to regional development activities. Moreover, redundant datasets, such as road network layers, were provided by two different official agencies in a local government's SDI operation [19]. Ineffective geospatial data sharing among governmen...

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