Occurrences and exposure to high levels of microbial bioaerosols such as pathogenic bacteria, fungi, fungal spores, and viruses can be linked to the deterioration of the environment and public health. This study aimed to review the results available for the unusual bioaerosol distribution scenario in the Asian regions. The amount of bioaerosol load and their environmental behavior in the atmosphere is heavily influenced by air pollution such as haze, fog, dust, and particulate matter (PM) and thus strongly affect the air quality index (AQI). Human factors such as heavy traffic, overcrowds, and biomass burning also affected the prevalence or occurrences of bioaerosols in the atmosphere. Seasonal/temporal and diurnal variation was significantly observed from these studies and in the case of South Asia, post-monsoon and winter months were incredibly concentrated with pathogenic bioaerosols. Many human infections, for example, pneumonia, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, and query fever (Q-fever), are linked to pathogenic bacterial bioaerosols. Respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic pulmonary obstructiveness are related to fungal bioaerosols, spores, and viral infections. To facilitate the testing and monitoring appraisal of airborne bioaerosols, artificial intelligence, deep neural networks, and machine learning can be used to develop real-time PCR-based bioaerosol sensors. Moreover, mobile apps and compatible electronic gadgets can be developed for the city dwellers to real-time monitor the concentration of bioaerosols in the air they are breathing.
Urban ecosystem services provide a wide range of services to sustain life, social relation, health, etc., and address most of the challenges, including climate change and environmental pollution. While it is recognized that the urban ecosystem substantially contributes to human well-being in cities, there is less attention to consider the value of urban ecosystem service in urban planning and policymaking. This study analyzed the land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics of city of Dhaka over the past three decades (1990–2020) to evaluate the impact of LULC on ecosystem services value (ESV). The estimation of ESV in relation to LULC has been done using the globally used benefits transfer method (BTM). Findings of the study show that built-up area has increased by 188.35% from 1990 to 2020, with an average annual growth rate is about 6.28%. The analysis of ESV shows that it has decreased by 59.55% (85 million USD) from 142.72 million USD in 1990 to 57.72 million USD in 2020 due to the development of the built-up area through conversion of agricultural land, waterbodies, and forest and vegetation land. This study also identified that waterbodies are the greatest contributor to ESV. The result on the elasticity of ESV in relation to LULC implies that about 1% transition in LULC would result in about 0.33% change in total ESV during the study period. We believe that the findings of this study would serve as a reference for the policy maker and urban planner to devise appropriate land use decision to ensure sustainable urban development of Dhaka.
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