Toward Stabilization of Domains in Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Films

Gholamkhass, Bobak; Holdcroft, Steven

doi:10.1021/cm1018184

Cited by 73 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[136] After completing the polymer:PCBM devices they were heat treated at 140 °C with the intent of chemically linking the two components via the intermediate nitrene. Although the efficiency of the devices prepared were lower (1.73% PCE) they degraded substantially slower than similar standard P3HT:PCBM devices.…”

Section: The Active Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2011

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Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) evolve in an exponential manner in the two key areas of efficiency and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has in the last decade been increased by almost a factor of ten approaching 10%. A main concern has been the stability that was previously measured in minutes, but can now, in favorable circumstances, exceed many thousands of hours. This astonishing achievement is the subject of this article, which reviews the developments in stability/degradation of OPVs in the last five years. This progress has been gained by several developments, such as inverted device structures of the bulk heterojunction geometry device, which allows for more stable metal electrodes, the choice of more photostable active materials, the introduction of interfacial layers, and roll-to-roll fabrication, which promises fast and cheap production methods while creating its own challenges in terms of stability.

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Section: The Active Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2011

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“…The efficiency of the pristine P3HT:PCBM devices dropped 80% after 3 h at 150 C, while the devices containing the copolymer showed a decrease of only 50% under the same conditions. 9 A crosslinked PCBM system was developed to prevent PCBM aggregation over time. 10 However, devices prepared with this material did not yield efficiency comparable to that of the pristine P3HT:PCBM devices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air processed P3HT:PCBM photovoltaic cells: Morphology correlation to annealing, degradation, and recovery

Bhattacharya

Moore

et al. 2014

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Systematically varied annealing, encapsulation, and solvent vapor treatments are conducted to produce stable OPV devices with controlled film morphology and high performance when produced in air. Active layer films are analyzed by AFM, nanomechanical mapping, UV-vis spectroscopy, and XRD. Devices prepared with isopropanol solvent vapor annealing (SVA) combined with thermal annealing (TA) show the highest environmental resistance and performance. Such devices yield average PCE of 3.3%, with stability to atmospheric exposure of up to 60 min prior to encapsulation. Encapsulated devices exposed to the laboratory environment for 30 days exhibit a decrease in PCE of 15%. On application of a second TA step PCE is recovered to over 90% of the original value. The unprecedented air stability of the cells is attributed to the formation of an active layer with a stable, favorable morphology during the SVA process, which is associated with lower oxygen content films.

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“…The most suitable and common pathway to perform a controlled reaction between the donor and the acceptor is thermal crosslinking using azide-functionalized donor polymers. [19,37] A remarkable exception is the work of Tournebize and coworkers, [38] who managed to link donor and acceptor without any additional functionalization using a blend of PCDTBT ( Figure 2) and PC 71 BM. The underlying mechanism was identified to be of photochemical origin and studied via accelerated artificial photoaging.…”

Section: Application Of Crosslinking In Organic Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinked Semiconductor Polymers for Photovoltaic Applications

Kahle

Saller

Köhler

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved much attention and meanwhile reach efficiencies above 10%. One problem yet to be solved is the lack of long term stability. Crosslinking is presented as a tool to increase the stability of OSCs. A number of materials used for the crosslinking of bulk heterojunction cells are presented. These include the crosslinking of low bandgap polymers used as donors in bulk heterojunction cells, as well as the crosslinking of fullerene acceptors and crosslinking between donor and acceptor. External crosslinkers often based on multifunctional azides are also discussed. In the second part, some work either leading to OSCs with high efficiencies or giving insight into the chemistry and physics of crosslinking are highlighted. The diffusion of low molar mass fullerenes in a crosslinked matrix of a conjugated polymer and the influence of crosslinking on the carrier mobility is discussed. Finally, the use of crosslinking to make stable interlayers and the solution processing of multilayer OSCs are discussed in addition to presentation of a novel approach to stabilize nanoimprinted patterns for OSCs by crosslinking.

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Toward Stabilization of Domains in Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Films

Cited by 73 publications

References 31 publications

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

Air processed P3HT:PCBM photovoltaic cells: Morphology correlation to annealing, degradation, and recovery

Crosslinked Semiconductor Polymers for Photovoltaic Applications

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