Toward poly(furfuryl alcohol) applications diversification: Novel self‐healing network and toughening epoxy–novolac resin

Abstract

Poly(furfuryl alcohol) bioresin (PFA) was synthesized and utilized through two distinct alloying strategies. It was crosslinked by a bismaleimide (BMI) via a Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The novel PFA-BMI polyadduct network was spectrally, thermally, and thermo-mechanically characterized and its thermally repeatable self-healing behavior was visually established. The network showed a high pyrolytic thermostability (char yield 51% at 600 8C). PFA was also used for modification of epoxy-novolac resin (EP). EP hybrid resins containing 5, 10, and 15 wt % of PFA were cured by a polyamine hardener. Despite of different curing mechanisms of the two resins, PFA had no effect on EP curing behavior as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry, which proved homogeneous formation of the thermosets. PFA at the composition of 15 wt % improved tensile properties and toughness of EP, so that it almost doubled tensile modulus and elongation at break. However, PFA slightly deteriorated flexural properties of EP. PFA also decreased T g of EP, with a maximum decrease of 22 8C. Besides, PFA disfavored initial thermostability of EP, but improved its pyrolytic char yield. In conclusion, PFA can be beneficial from smart materials to toughen hybrid epoxy thermosets with potential applications in composites, adhesives, and surface coatings.

Self‐healing semi‐IPN materials from epoxy resin by solvent‐free furan–maleimide Diels–Alder polymerization

“…To the best of our knowledge, only one previous study has utilized DA reaction to prepare thermally reversible organic–inorganic IPN, and no semi‐IPN materials with thermoreversibility and self‐healing properties have been reported previously. In our earlier papers, we reported self‐healing DA networks by employing dimethylformamide (DMF) . It is a necessary solvent which has also been used in the majority of works in this field .…”

“…In our earlier papers, we reported self‐healing DA networks by employing dimethylformamide (DMF) . It is a necessary solvent which has also been used in the majority of works in this field . This is a toxic solvent with high boiling point causing serious problems particularly when it must be removed during the curing process or before of the process.…”

Biobased Diels‐Alder Engineered Network from Furfuryl Alcohol and Epoxy Resin: Preparation and Mechano‐Physical Characteristics

“…[13] The present research deals with incorporation of a furan-modified epoxy resin into the system to compensate the mechanical weakness and improve other characteristics. Therefore, DGEBA was firstly furfurylated to induce DA reactivity to the epoxy resin structure.…”

“…Recently, studies on the PFA-BMI polyadduct network, with thermo-healing behavior, has been reported. [13] However, the sample were highly brittle presenting poor mechanical characteristics. Therefore, in the present work, to improve the bio-resin network properties, first, a furfurylated epoxy resin (FER) was synthesized and a PFA/FER hybrid DA network (HDAN) was obtained by BMI crosslinking.…”

Synthesis and self‐healing behavior of thermoreversible epoxy resins modified with nitrile butadiene rubber

“…In recent years, the self‐healing polymer composite has attracted increasing attention, as it is able to solve the aforesaid problem . There are basically two types of self‐healing polymers, i.e., extrinsic and intrinsic materials .…”