Self‐healing semi‐IPN materials from epoxy resin by solvent‐free furan–maleimide Diels–Alder polymerization

Zolghadr, Mohsen; Shakeri, Alireza; Zohuriaan‐Mehr, M. J.; Salimi, Ali

doi:10.1002/app.48015

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The fracture toughness measured at room temperature of the PES/epoxy system was increased up to 11%, which was associated with the formation of semi-IPN structure between epoxy and PES [ 36 ]. The fracture toughness of the epoxy resin was also enhanced by adding Diels–Alder (DA) polymer into the epoxy system based on DGEBA/D230 [ 41 ]. The morphological analysis of the fractured surfaces revealed the existence of rough and irregular surfaces for the semi-IPN based sample, as compared to the samples without toughener ( Figure 3 b–d), which was attributed to the higher work of fracture due to the presence of semi-IPN structure.…”

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

2020

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Epoxy resins are widely used for different commercial applications, particularly in the aerospace industry as matrix carbon fibre reinforced polymers composite. This is due to their excellent properties, i.e., ease of processing, low cost, superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, a pure epoxy system possesses some inherent shortcomings, such as brittleness and low elongation after cure, limiting performance of the composite. Several approaches to toughen epoxy systems have been explored, of which formation of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has gained increasing attention. This methodology usually results in better mechanical properties (e.g., fracture toughness) of the modified epoxy system. Ideally, IPNs result in a synergistic combination of desirable properties of two different polymers, i.e., improved toughness comes from the toughener while thermosets are responsible for high service temperature. Three main parameters influence the mechanical response of IPN toughened systems: (i) the chemical structure of the constituents, (ii) the toughener content and finally and (iii) the type and scale of the resulting morphology. Various synthesis routes exist for the creation of IPN giving different means of control of the IPN structure and also offering different processing routes for making composites. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art on toughening of epoxy matrix system through formation of IPN structure, either by using thermoplastics or thermosets. Moreover, the potential of IPN based epoxy systems is explored for the formation of composites particularly for aerospace applications.

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Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

2020

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“…rubber materials, when combined with controlled polymerization methodologies. [175][176][177] This can also be a promising strategy to modulate the interaction between matrix and fillers [178] and to build self-healing materials. [90,179] Although the terms elastomers and rubbers are used interchangeably, only the vulcanized materials are true rubbers.…”

Section: Rubber Modifications Via Pericyclic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic and Chemical Approaches for Post‐Polymerization Modifications of Diene Rubbers: Current state and Perspectives

Soares

Steinbüchel

2021

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Diene rubbers are polymeric materials which present elastic properties and have double bonds in the macromolecular backbone after the polymerization process. Post-polymerization modifications of rubbers can be conducted by enzymatic or chemical methods. Enzymes are environmentally friendly catalysts and with the increasing demand for rubber waste management, biodegradation and biomodifications have become hot topics of research. Some rubbers are renewable materials and are a source of organic molecules, and biodegradation can be conducted to obtain either oligomers or monomers. On the other hand, chemical modifications of rubbers by click-chemistry are important strategies for the creation and combination of new materials. In a way to expand the scope of uses to other non-traditional applications, several and effective modifications can be conducted with diene rubbers. Two groups of efficient tools, enzymatic, and chemical modifications in diene rubbers, are summarized in this review. By analyzing stereochemical and reactivity aspects, the authors also point to some applications perspectives for biodegradation products and to rational modifications of diene rubbers by combining both methodologies.

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“…These are a type of hydrogel that comprise two or more networks that are at least partially interlaced at a polymer scale but are not covalently bound to each other [58,59]. More specifically, semi-IPNs (IPNs in which there is only one component of the assembly crosslinked, leaving the other in a linear form) can improve the self-healing capacity of the hydrogel by chains that flow through the interface at the damaged area [1,60,61]. In this context, semi-IPNs were synthesized in which free poly(methacrylic acid) chains are embedded into the cationic network of AETA (see the section "3.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Self-healing: Experimental and Theoretical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous self-healing hydrogel with anti-drying properties and applications in soft robotics

Naranjo

Martín

Lopez-Diaz

et al. 2020

Applied Materials Today

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Mimicking nature's self-healing ability has always been desired in science, especially when devices accumulate damage over time with performance, including the loss of function due to deterioration. SHAP (Self-Healing AETA([2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride)based Polymer), a hydrogel with autonomous self-healing ability that can be applied for the development of a pneumatic artificial muscle, is presented here. Unlike other self-healing hydrogels, SHAP does not require any external stimulus to self-heal and it presents outstanding anti-drying properties. Few-layer graphene is also incorporated into the polymer network of the hydrogel in order to study the possible influence that the nanomaterial has on the properties of the scaffolds. The mechanical behavior and the self-healing abilities of the resulting hydrogels are analyzed. Moreover, the mechanism of self-healing is discussed in terms of experimental results and theoretical calculations. The data suggest a mechanism based on strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the water molecules that remain inside SHAP, which keeps the material wet and soft under ambient conditions. Finally, the development of a SHAP-based artificial muscle is presented. The results show good performance of the healed artificial muscles after damage, even with healing periods as short as 10 minutes.

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Self‐healing semi‐IPN materials from epoxy resin by solvent‐free furan–maleimide Diels–Alder polymerization

Cited by 32 publications

References 59 publications

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

Enzymatic and Chemical Approaches for Post‐Polymerization Modifications of Diene Rubbers: Current state and Perspectives

Autonomous self-healing hydrogel with anti-drying properties and applications in soft robotics

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