Toward analyzing mutual interference on infrared-enabled depth cameras

Seewald, Lucas Adams; Rodrigues, Vinicius Facco; Ollenschläger, Malte; Antunes, Rodolfo Stoffel; Costa, Cristiano André da; Righi, Rodrigo da Rosa; Silveira, Luiz Gonzaga da; Maier, Andreas; Eskofier, Bjoern M.; Fahrig, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.cviu.2018.09.010

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The experimental setup employs three Kinects positioned as close as possible to the room's wall, with their FoV focused at the room's center, using a predefined setup in order to optimize FoV overlap (SEEWALD et al, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Baptizo: A sensor fusion based model for tracking the identity of human poses

et al. 2020

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It works properly with dark scenes and depth data is computationally lightweight. However, other problems are introduced, such as: increased hardware complexity and mutual interference with other infrared-enabled depth cameras (SEEWALD et al, 2018).…”

Section: Rgbd Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baptizo: A sensor fusion based model for tracking the identity of human poses

et al. 2020

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“…For multi-camera operation, distance errors caused by interference is a current field of research [6], [11]. Several approaches include measuring [8], [9], avoiding [10], [12], and canceling it with statistical calculations [13].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The simultaneous illumination of a scene by multiple independently running cameras may lead to interference of the light. Researchers have identified the problem of interference-related errors and conducted experiments to quantify it [8], [9]. Furthermore, varying methods for mitigating the errors were proposed, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference Model of Two Time-Of-Flight Cameras

Wermke

Meffert

2019

2019 Ieee Sensors

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The last decade bore witness to increased development of time-of-flight (ToF) camera hardware, algorithms, and applications, particularly 3-D measurement in the fields of human-robot collaboration. Their advantage is in faster digital 3-D image target representation from efficient signal computations. ToF cameras emit modulated light, measuring the round-trip time from its illumination source to its sensor, deriving a distance image. A disadvantage of using multiple ToF cameras is light interference with other cameras' 3-D measurements. Commonly, adopting an access protocol called frequency division multiple access (FDMA) minimizes interference-related errors but does not eliminate them. The quantification of this distance error has remained a challenging research problem. This paper presents an interference model for two time-of-flight cameras, quantitative analysis, and mathematical modeling to determine the interference-related distance error when using FDMA.

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“…This interference leads to errors in depth computations. Therefore, light interference reduction strategies are necessary when using multi-ToF-camera setups [5]- [9]. One option is to reduce interference artifacts in post-processing by statistical calculations [8], [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference Avoidance for Two Time-of-Flight Cameras Using Autonomous Optical Synchronization

Wermke

Wubbenhorst

Meffert

2020

2020 6th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR)

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Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras acquire 3-D images where each pixel relates to the distance in the observed scene. These images are acquired by emitting modulated light and measuring the phase of its reflection from an object. Improvements in ToF camera technology make it a promising alternative to current 3-D imaging sensors despite possessing comparatively lower resolution. Overcoming lower resolution, of single ToF camera images, is achieved using a multi-camera setup. However, the simultaneous operation of multiple ToF cameras causes interference resulting in erroneous depth measurements. An option to mitigate interference is the arrangement of multiple cameras in a consecutive order sharing the same frequency in assigned time slots, such that each camera illuminates the scene exclusively, a procedure known as time division multiple access (TDMA). The assignment of acquisition times is usually performed by a master synchronizing device implementing a time synchronization protocol that requires an additional communication channel. This paper presents a different approach requiring no additional infrastructure to utilize TDMA by adding a synchronization software procedure to the camera's microprocessor which effectively enables a camera to sense the acquisition process of other cameras and rapidly synchronize itself autonomously to operate without interference. Experimental results with two ToF cameras provide substantive evidence of the efficacy of this approach. The operation of the standalone cameras achieved the desired synchronization without illumination interference. The proposed synchronization procedure takes advantages of the zero interference of TDMA and overcomes traditional hard-wired synchronization setups, offering an autonomous and potentially mobile operation of ToF camera deployment.

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Toward analyzing mutual interference on infrared-enabled depth cameras

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Baptizo: A sensor fusion based model for tracking the identity of human poses

Baptizo: A sensor fusion based model for tracking the identity of human poses

Interference Model of Two Time-Of-Flight Cameras

Interference Avoidance for Two Time-of-Flight Cameras Using Autonomous Optical Synchronization

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