1992
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.176
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Toward a reconceptualization of the law of initial value.

Abstract: The traditional model of the law of initial value (LIV), "the higher the initial value, the smaller the response to function-raising, the larger the response to function-depressing stimuli" (Wilder, 1967, p. viii), is critically reviewed. Statistically, the usage of rDX, bDX, and bYX as the indices of LIV contains a spurious X(Y-X) effect. Moreover, defining initial value as a synonym of baseline is too narrow to cover an organism's various states. The parameter of structural relationship beta e value and a nu… Show more

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Cited by 79 publications
(56 citation statements)
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References 94 publications
(146 reference statements)
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“…Moreover, even when no relationship exists between the baseline (x) and the change ( y − x), the fact that x is present in both terms leads to an expected spurious correlation of −.7 between x and y − x (Tu & Gilthorpe, 2007). To address these issues and rule out regression to the mean as an alternative explanation for the observed relationship between baseline AB magnitude and the change in AB magnitude induced by atDCS, we applied a procedure designed to test the equality of variances between the two conditions (Tu & Gilthorpe, 2007;Jin, 1992;Myrtek & Foerster, 1986). If participants with a large AB indeed benefit from atDCS whereas participants with a small AB suffer, the variance of AB scores during baseline testing should be significantly higher than that during atDCS.…”
Section: Individual Differencesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, even when no relationship exists between the baseline (x) and the change ( y − x), the fact that x is present in both terms leads to an expected spurious correlation of −.7 between x and y − x (Tu & Gilthorpe, 2007). To address these issues and rule out regression to the mean as an alternative explanation for the observed relationship between baseline AB magnitude and the change in AB magnitude induced by atDCS, we applied a procedure designed to test the equality of variances between the two conditions (Tu & Gilthorpe, 2007;Jin, 1992;Myrtek & Foerster, 1986). If participants with a large AB indeed benefit from atDCS whereas participants with a small AB suffer, the variance of AB scores during baseline testing should be significantly higher than that during atDCS.…”
Section: Individual Differencesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This difference score was converted to a percentage of the corresponding baseline value. This conversion was warranted by Jin's (1992) revised version of the so-called Law of Initial Value (LIV), which states that within the middle range of baseline values, the physiological response increases as a function of baseline. This version of the LIV was applicable to our data, because there was a positive overall correlation between baseline pupil size and peak dilation (r = .53).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The percent‐change approach appears to have emerged to adjust for LIV in the form proposed by Jin and others (Jin, 1992; Myrtek & Foerster, 1986). For startle potentiation, this would be appropriate if the input from the modulatory circuit was positive and multiplicative.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%