Toward a new maritime communication system in Detroit of Gibraltar where conventional and autonomous ships will co-exist

Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Communication Networks for the Maritime Internet of Things: Key Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges

“…Typical maritime communication services are depicted in Figure 8, according to their requirements for rate and latency [222]. Navigational and operational communication services, such as ship reporting, voyage reporting, electronic navigational chart (ENC) updates, coast state notification, and environment notification, are required by all vessels.…”

On the use of leading safety indicators in maritime and their feasibility for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

“…These comprise both a ship in operation and the shore side. 101 The internal cybersecurity (i.e. sabotage of equipment) of those is a less discussed issue.…”

“…Proposals. The direction of future research should focus on constructing LPIs pertaining to the following aspects of the MASS communication related to the software domain: drops in data transfer rate potentially caused by bandwidth limitations 99,104 and channels overflow; a quality of service parameters within wireless communications systems, like WiMAX, 101 especially uplink and downlink data rates, transmit-receive transition gap, or traffic ratios; data loss, data integrity issues, disconnection from the network in case of adverse weather, 99,112,113 environment, and propagation conditions, as well as accidents of random nature; level of interference -frequency usage with cognitive radio principles 87,117 for satellite and terrestrial communication systems, to avoid intentional and random interferences; signal latency. 103,114 Meanwhile, in the hardware domain of MASS systems, the following could be named as having a potential for use as LPI: constant monitoring and estimation of signal-tonoise ratio, 135 to control the quality of the radio channel, improve spectral efficiency, reduce possible transmission errors, system outages, and required transmission power; link attenuation 114 is considered as the frequency response of the propagation environment, at the utilized radio communication system frequencies; continuous acquisition and monitoring of synchronization parameters; 136 including timing and carrier synchronization; 137 a health loss indicator in standard exploitation of radio devices and other crucial equipment; 106 the output power level of transmitters 99,109 and communication range management 109 -cooperative shipping requires transmitting a radio signal with a lower power to other ships close to the base station and transmitting a stronger signal to ships in the far distance; antenna diagnostics 138 including radiation analysis, revision of physical aperture, and installation shielding; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) parameters periodic/real-time on-board measurement for both electrical and electronic MASS equipment.…”

Multimodal Network Architecture for Shared Situational Awareness amongst Vessels

“…Several studies have evaluated existing wireless technologies in the maritime domain. Allal et al [ 12 ] conducted a case-study in the Strait of Gibraltar in order to study the reliability, cost-effectiveness and availability of satellite communication, radio VHF, radio Ultra High Frequency (UHF), radio High Frequency (HF), radio Medium Frequency (MF), AIS and Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT). They quantified and classified the data to be transferred, the identification of ship mobility environment challenges, and proposed mobile WiMAX (IEEE802.16e-2005) as a reliable, secure, and cost-effective maritime communication carrier in the strait of Gibraltar where conventional and autonomous ships will co-exist.…”