Tourism seasonality: the causes and effects

Abstract

PurposeThe aim of the paper is to examine and analyse the thematic literature on tourism seasonality and the causes and effects thereof.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a review of scientific and theoretical research by various authors on tourism seasonality, in order to systematically analyse the causes and effects of the seasonal patterns in tourism activity.FindingsSeasonality is one of the most important features of tourism demand, and it has a significant effect on many aspects of the tourism industry. The literature review suggests that tourism seasonality is caused by natural and anthropogenic factors that have a very significant bearing on the geographical location of a tourist destination, as well as institutional and economic factors. Assessments of the effects of seasonality in the scientific literature differ. The effects of seasonality analysed in the relevant literature can be divided into four major categories: economic, employment, social and cultural as well as ecological.Originality/valueThe paper presents a systematic literature review on tourism seasonality and the causes and effects thereof.

Introduction: smart tourism: what developments and issues are important to the Baltic States?

“…These reviews are published in the form of both data reviews and research papers and include the following:Garanti (2023) considers Value co-creation in smart tourism destinations and focuses on the concept of ST, emphasizing the ST ecosystem and the concept of value co-creation within the system at the destination level.Zvaigzne et al. (2023a, b) explore Smart tourism: the role and synergies of stakeholders – this is a thematic literature review of ST, the role of stakeholders and synergy from the implementation of ST.Litavniece et al. (2023a, b) examine Smart tourism in the Baltic States: current developments and trends and the extent to which the second largest cities by population in each Baltic country, that is, Tartu (Estonia), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Daugavpils (Latvia), meet the criteria for the ST destination concept (STDC) and categories.Arbidane et al.…”

“…(2023) review: Smart regional cultural tourism destinations in a region of Latvia and undertake an analysis of regional cultural tourism in Latvia, focusing on the elements of ST as an indication of opportunities provided by digital technologies and the practical application thereof.Berjozkina and James Kuruvilla (2023) investigate: Smart tourism and cultural heritage in the Baltic States: exploring strategies and tools for sustainable development with reference to an analysis of the data relating to cultural heritage, ST and ST tools for preserving cultural heritage in the Baltic States-Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Digital innovations in tourism: the perceptions of stakeholders by Zvaigzne et al. (2023a, b) aims to examine the key aspects of innovation development regarding digital tools used in the tourism industry in a local area.Litavniece et al. (2023a, b) explore the concept of: Digital twin: an approach to enhancing tourism competitiveness and they present a concept of digital twin technology for the digitalization of tourism product competitiveness and promotional recommendations.Dembovska et al.…”

“…Zvaigzne et al. (2023a, b) explore Smart tourism: the role and synergies of stakeholders – this is a thematic literature review of ST, the role of stakeholders and synergy from the implementation of ST.…”

“…Digital innovations in tourism: the perceptions of stakeholders by Zvaigzne et al. (2023a, b) aims to examine the key aspects of innovation development regarding digital tools used in the tourism industry in a local area.…”

Introduction: how could the Republic of Cyprus reduce the impact of seasonal tourism on long-term sustainable development?

“…The first article is a thematic literature review focusing on tourism seasonality's causes and effects. Some of the causes identified by Zvaigzne et al. (2022) are natural and anthropogenic (climate, climate conditions, geographical locations, environment), institutional (national holidays/holidays, annual events, calendar effect, workforce and public administration, consumer decision-making), economical (incomes and expenses, changes in the working environment, macroeconomic policy) and effects–economic, employment, social and cultural, ecological.…”