Tourism dynamos: Selective commodification and developmental conservation in China’s protected areas

Abstract

At scenic sites across China, rural officials compelled to maximize revenue use local state authority over protected areas to foster "tourism dynamos". Local states set up infrastructure and institutions around rural attractions that channel the circulation of tourists, churning out revenues that meet quotas and fund further expansion of attractions and towns. To make these dynamos turn, local authorities have displaced resident-led tourism operations they had previously helped set up. Residents are reincorporated in varying ways and often retain land use rights. Meanwhile, as revenues stream out of attractions, what little is invested in environmental protection goes to maintaining scenery. Local governments also accomplish spatial transformations, within each park intensifying surplus generation in areas zoned for tourism while reserving other areas from use, and beyond park boundaries linking attractions together on tourism circuits radiating from central towns. This state-driven transformations depend on how the reservation of land from commodity exchange within protected areas comes together with specific state capacities to enable tourism intensification. These processes, which I label "developmental conservation," call attention to selective commodifications and the mediating role of the state in protected area governance in China and beyond.

Learning from Italian Typology- and Morphology-Led Planning Techniques: A Planning Framework for Yingping, Xiamen

“…Much of the existing research relating to urban conservation and regeneration of China focuses on several key topics: the historical development process of urban conservation and regeneration in China in the context of the transforming political-economic conditions [16][17][18]; the interpretation and implication of international principles and ideas of heritage conservation and management in the Chinese context, such as the Burra Charter [19,20], the idea of authenticity [21][22][23][24], and the concept of historic urban landscape [24][25][26]; the role of governments in facilitating the revitalization of dilapidated historic quarters and generating politico-economic benefits [27][28][29][30][31], especially through cooperation with real-estate developers [32,33] and through the pursuit of World Heritage listing [15,34,35]; social capital, public participation, and interaction of regenerating and conserving historic quarters [36][37][38][39][40]; the transformation of spatial structures and urban forms in historic areas [41,42]; and the indicators for assessing the sustainability of built heritage [43,44].…”

Memberdayakan Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) Kawasan Strategis Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain dan Sungai Manggar Tahun 2015-2035 dalam Mereduksi Ancaman Kelestarian Lingkungan

“…Hutan buatan yang terdapat di KHLSW merupakan hutan pengganti akibat peristiwa kebakaran hutan yang terjadi pada tahun 1997/ 1998. Berdasarkan Perda RTRW Kota Balikpapan Tahun 2012-2032 Sumber: RTRW Kota Balikpapan, 2005-2015 Gambar 1. Kawasan Hutan Lindung Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat serta memenuhi kebutuhan dan aspirasi manusia (Salim, 1992).…”

“…Untuk itu, pemerintah mengatur, mengendalikan, membatasi aktivitas dan akses bahkan merelokasi masyarakat di sekitar kawasan lindung. Setiap kawasan lindung memiliki karakteristik yang unik sehingga strategi yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk dapat mengembangkan kawasan tersebut juga berbeda-beda untuk setiap wilayah (Zinda, 2015). Di sisi lain, upaya pembangunan ekologi di China juga mendapat dukungan dari pemerintah pusat sejak tahun 2000, dimana pemerintah telah secara intensif berinvestasi di kawasan lindung namun tetap memperhatikan keseimbangan ekologi (Yeh, 2009;Li, Li, Zhang, & Fan, 2013).…”

“…Belajar dari best practice dari contoh kasus pada kawasan hutan lindung di China berdasarkan penelitian Zinda (2015), Li et al (2013), Yeh (2009), dan Zhong et al (2008 mengindikasikan bahwa pemerintah daerah dapat meningkatkan pengelolaan kawasan hutan lindung secara lebih baik lagi. Hutan lindung yang mampu dikelola dengan baik bukan hanya untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dari sektor pariwisata, tetapi juga untuk menjaga kelestarian kawasan hutan lindung itu sendiri.…”

Impementation of sustainable tourism in protected and sensitive areas: A case study of the Balkan Mountains, Serbia

“…Conflicts and injustices resulting from exclusionary conservation leading to two interwoven turns in conservation practice: the participatory turn and the market turn (Zinda, 2017). The participatory turn manifests in efforts to recognize that residents' use of protected areas can enhance, or at least not undermine, conservation; to involve residents in management and decision-making; and to provide residents with benefits in exchange for taking part in conservation (Lele, et al, 2010).…”