“…Resilience in the tourism sector has been an increasing focus of academic endeavour, including conceptual discussions (Cochrane, 2010;Lew, 2014;McKercher, 1999;Bosak, 2016) and application to tourism case studies (Becken, 2013;Biggs, 2011;Espiner & Becken, 2014;Farrell & Twining-Ward, 2004;Orchiston, 2013). Faulkner (1999) suggests that chaos can rapidly envelop tourism activities due to the complexity of tourism systems and their inherent vulnerability to external threats, such as natural hazards, or social, political and economic crises (including war, pandemic and economic crises).…”