Tourism boycotts and animosity: A study of seven events

Entrepreneurship and Tourism Through the Lens of Sustainability. Charting the Knowledge Base Through Bibliometric Analysis

“…(f) The current period put a spotlight on the extraordinary challenges of the global COVID-19 pandemic, especially its devastating effects on small and medium enterprises, as "the tourism industry has been hit hard by the necessary measures taken to contain the pandemic, and it seems unlikely that the sector will return to normalcy any time soon" (International Labour Organization, 2020), with over 60% of tourism businesses around the world being severely affected or closed. Zenker and Kock (2020) consider that current and future research on the topic must rely on the numerous articles that already analyzed the effects of other crises on tourism and travel, and, by extension, on small and medium enterprises operating in tourism: economic crises (Papatheodorou et al, 2010); social and political instability, terrorism (Sönmez, 1998); the SARS epidemic, avian flu, and other influenza pandemics (Mao et al, Lee, 2010;McKercher and Chon, 2004;Page et al, 2006), the refugee crisis (Zenker et al, 2019), boycotts and animosity (Yu et al, 2020), or other natural disasters, wars and political restrictions. Tourism entrepreneurship provides ample opportunities for practically-relevant research on the role of innovation in post-crisis recovery and the consolidation of industry (Martínez-Roman et al, 2015;Thomas and Wood, 2014), but also on the difficulties and limitations, objective or subjective, encountered by small businesses implementing innovation, c ollaborative action and experimentation (Pikkemaat and Zehrer, 2016;Stiubea, 2020;Sundbo et al, 2007), knowledge and technology, ecoinnovations (Pikkemaat et al, 2019), acceptance, and managing change in tourism (Buhalis and Cooper, 1998).…”

Multilateral political effects on outbound tourism

“…Viewing Korea as a friendly state with a common enemy, the Chinese official statements regarding Korea were mostly positive or neutral, until 2016m11 when the THAAD deployment irritated the Chinese government. It was regarded as a serious military threat to China (Yu et al, 2020). There were unprecedentedly eight "strong condemn" statements by the Chinese government within one year.…”

COVID-19: a pandemic to tourism guest-host relationship in India

“…According to the study conducted by Smith et al (2004), hostile people tend to endorse social conflict and put a question mark over others and in fact may influence the trust of consumers over service providers (Jimé nez and Martin, 2010;Lee and Mazodier, 2015;Loureiro and Jesus, 2019). This has been observed to be much rampant in crisis (situational and economic), war and conflict destinations (Klein et al, 1998;Huang et al, 2010;Jimé nez and San Martín, 2010;Nes et al, 2012;Stepchenkova et al, 2019;Yu et al, 2020). This reflects tourists' disposition to trust that emphasizes the core of humanity (Liang et al, 2018) thereby explaining insecurity and vulnerability of social interactions (Gefen, 2000;McKnight et al, 2002;Bicchieri et al, 2004;Lü histe, 2006), thus raising another alarm for the tourism industry in near future.…”

“…The host perceptions and consequent behavior differs significantly during a critical/ emergency situation or a pandemic situation and so called normal situation (Bramwell, 2003;van Zijll de Jong et al, 2011;Alvarez and Campo, 2014). The testing situations (critical/emergency/pandemic) evoke escalated emotions among people and urge a sense of survival where suddenly they shift in thinking of saving themselves first and a sense of mistrust begins to grow (Bramwell, 2003;Rofes, 2013;Ehrenfeld and Hoffman, 2013;Alvarez and Campo, 2014;Stepchenkova et al, 2019;Yu et al, 2020;Cheer, 2020). Moreover, in the current COVID-19 situation where the disease is highly communicable (Serra Valdé s, 2020; Gö ssling et al, 2020; Díaz-Castrill on and Toro-Montoya, 2020; Pimentel et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2020), the tourists in many areas are seen as "outsiders" and potential threats/carriers of the disease and hence a significant mistrust develops among the hosts toward the tourists that could be coupled with other underlying cultural/ racial biases or prejudices (Hall et al, 2020) that further deteriorates the guest-host relationship similarly depicted from the excerpt mentioned above (T21) while it is happening in many countries against Chinese nationals or racially similar people where people perceive and link this spread being originated from China thereby influencing its tourism industry at large level (Phillips and Killingray, 2003;Novelli et al, 2018;Mao et al, 2020).…”