Total water costs on a standard basis for three large, operating , S.W.R.O. plants

Leitner, Gordon F.

doi:10.1016/0011-9164(91)85043-t

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Purchasing the site and installing the equipment adds about another $3 per gallon/day for a total of about $4.50 -$5.00 per gallon/day ($1188 -$1320 per m 3 /day) of capacity. These rough numbers from 1993 are slightly higher than the $2.88 -$3.95 range cited in 1998 [50] for 24 million gallon/day plants (RO, MSF, MVC, or MEE), but within the range of $3.65 -$8.50 reported for three select seawater RO plants in 1991 [51]. Other than purchasing the site, the largest contributor to the capital cost is the membrane unit, which accounts for about 20% of the capital or less than 11% of the overall cost.…”

Section: Consumables -3%contrasting

confidence: 46%

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Miller¹

2003

203

148

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Water shortages affect 88 developing countries that are home to half of the world's population. In these places, 80-90% of all diseases and 30% of all deaths result from poor water quality. Furthermore, over the next 25 years, the number of people affected by severe water shortages is expected to increase fourfold. Low cost methods to desalinate brackish water and sea water can help reverse this destabilizing trend. Desalination has now been practiced on a large scale for more than 50 years. During this time continual improvements have been made, and the major technologies are now remarkably efficient, reliable, and inexpensive. For many years, thermal technologies were the only viable option, and multi-stage flash (MSF) was established as the baseline technology. Multieffect evaporation (MEE) is now the state-of-the-art thermal technology, but has not been widely implemented. With the growth of membrane science, reverse osmosis (RO) overtook MSF as the leading desalination technology, and should be considered the baseline technology. Presently, RO of seawater can be accomplished with an energy expenditure in the range of 11-60 kJ/kg at a cost of $2 to $4 per 1000 gallons. The theoretical minimum energy expenditure is 3-7 kJ/kg. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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Section: Consumables -3%contrasting

confidence: 46%

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Miller¹

2003

203

148

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“…[11][12][13] Current management options for inland desalination plants include ocean or surface water discharge through a brine line, deep well injection, evaporation pond, and landfill solidification. [14][15][16][17] However, the cost of existing brine management can add up to more than 30% of the overall treatment cost, 18,19 and direct disposal can have negative environmental impacts by increasing salinity and inducing secondary pollution. [20][21][22] In order to minimize the inland brine management cost and negative environmental effects, additional water recovery from brine is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of brackish water inland desalination brine via antiscalant removal using persulfate photolysis

Kum

Tang

Liu

2023

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…Leitner [29], presented a cost comparison of three SWRO plants in the range of 10,000-57,000 m 3 Figure . Three references [31,32,33] were chosen out of the many other projects' cost estimates [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] to represent on a normalized basis, cost estimates in the mid -90s. The evaluated projects are as follows: Figure 4: Breakdown of SWRO unit water cost -actual operating [29] and estimated [30] (early 90s -based on late 80s technology)…”

Section: Cost Estimates In the 90s And Early 2000smentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Water Production Cost from Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant in Korea

Hwang¹,

Han²,

Kim³

2017

J Korean Soc Environ Eng

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The history of desalination's cost estimations is some four decades old. Initially, at the beginning of the 1960s, the only process for seawater desalination was distillation. The only feasible and economical option to achieve large capacities was by dual-purpose, electric power/seawater desalination plants, using multi-stage flash (MSF) technology. About a decade later, two new technologies capable to desalt seawater have evolved, the low-pressure multi-effect distillation (MED), and improved reverse osmosis (RO).Since the seventies, these three technologies are the main processes used for seawater desalination. MSF and MED are implemented in conjunction with power production while RO is the only viable option for an independent application.The two practical options, since the 1960s, for brackish water desalination are electro dialysis (ED) and RO. ED is mainly applied for water of low salinity or for special purposes such as nitrate removal, while RO is used for a wide spectrum of raw water sources. This wide spectrum has recently been expanded to include also some "difficult" surface water sources, including wastewater, by applying improved Integrated Membrane Systems (IMS), integrating ultra-filtration (UF) or micro filtration (MF) with low fouling RO membranes.Major feasibility studies and cost estimates were initiated by the US Office of Saline Water (OSW) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These studies evaluated dual-purpose plants for combined supply of power and desalinated seawater.The aim of the present paper is to review significant cost estimations, and in some cases actual desalination costs in the last four decades. All the costs are normalized according to a common set of ground rules and macro-economic parameters. First cost estimatesIn the 1950s desalination water cost was some $ 1 2/1,000 gal (~ $0.5 /m 3 ). This cost was considered very high at that time. OSW was established in 1952 to tackle this challenge and by 1956, OSW sponsored the first study on the applicability of combining nuclear reactors with saline water desalination processes.The 1960s had witnessed many national programs intended to study and evaluate longrange development of desalination, mainly in conjunction with nuclear power reactors, for combined supply of power and water. OSW initiated large number of studies and conceptual designs of desalination plants [1], while IAEA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) were active in evaluating nuclear dual-purpose plants [2][3][4][5][6][7].Several national programs were reported at a symposium on nuclear desalination, organized in November 1968 by IAEA in Madrid:H. Kronberger reviewed the U.K. desalination RO program [5] activities in improving MSF and other desalination processes were discussed.M. N. Edwards reviewed fifteen years of the US desalination program [1], emphasizing the pursuing for low cost desalination technology.

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Total water costs on a standard basis for three large, operating , S.W.R.O. plants

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Treatment of brackish water inland desalination brine via antiscalant removal using persulfate photolysis

Estimation of Water Production Cost from Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant in Korea

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