Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Miller, James E.

doi:10.2172/809106

Cited by 203 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This is shown in Fig. 7 where the cost ratio is shown for a case where reverse osmosis water costs are $0.20/m 3 (a reasonable value for brackish reverse osmosis [22]). In this scenario a simple hybrid would be preferred if product water salinity below approximately 300 ppm is required while a standalone ED system would be preferred for higher product salinities.…”

Section: Standalone Ed Preferredmentioning

confidence: 95%

The benefits of hybridising electrodialysis with reverse osmosis

McGovern

Zubair

Lienhard

2014

Journal of Membrane Science

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A cost analysis reveals that hybridisation of electrodialysis with reverse osmosis is only justified if the cost of water from the reverse osmosis unit is less than 40% of that from a standalone electrodialysis system. In such cases the additional reverse osmosis costs justify the electrodialysis cost savings brought about by shifting salt removal to higher salinity, where current densities are higher and equipment costs lower. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that a simple hybrid configuration is more cost effective than a recirculated hybrid, a simple hybrid being one where the reverse osmosis concentrate is fed to the electrodialysis stack and the products from both units are blended, and a recirculated being one hybrid involving recirculation of the electrodialysis product back to the reverse osmosis unit. The underlying rationale is that simple hybridisation shifts salt removal away from the lowest salinity zone of operation, where salt removal is most expensive. Further shifts in the salinity at which salt is removed, brought about by recirculation, do not justify the associated increased costs of reverse osmosis.

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Section: Standalone Ed Preferredmentioning

confidence: 95%

The benefits of hybridising electrodialysis with reverse osmosis

McGovern

Zubair

Lienhard

2014

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…A thorough review of technical developments and cost trends of the most commercial desalination processes, including multistage flash distillation (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), vapor compression (VC), reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) was presented in earlier studies by Reddy and Ghaffour [4], Wade [5] and Miller [6]. Greenlee et al [7] also conducted a brief review of the key parameters on seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO), respectively, desalination cost trends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability

2013

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Desalination capacity has rapidly increased in the last decade because of the increase in water demand and a significant reduction in desalination cost as a result of significant technological advances, especially in the reverse osmosis process. The cost of desalinated seawater has fallen below US$0.50/m 3 for a large scale seawater reverse osmosis plant at a specific location and conditions while in other locations the cost is 50% higher (US$1.00/m 3 ) for a similar facility. In addition to capital and operating costs, other parameters such as local incentives or subsidies may also contribute to the large difference in desalted water cost between regions and facilities. Plant suppliers and consultants have their own cost calculation methodologies, but they are confidential and provide water costs with different accuracies.The few existing costing methodologies and software packages such as WTCost© and DEEP provide an estimated cost with different accuracies and their applications are limited to specific conditions. Most of the available cost estimation tools are of the black box type, which provide few details concerning the parameters and methodologies applied for local conditions. Many desalination plants built recently have greater desalinated water delivery costs caused by special circumstances, such as plant remediation or upgrades, local variation in energy costs, and site-specific issues in raw materials costs (e.g., tariffs and transportation). Therefore, the availability of a more transparent and unique methodology for estimating the cost will help in selecting an appropriate desalination technology suitable for specific locations with 2 consideration of all the parameters influencing the cost. A techno-economic evaluation and review of the costing aspects and the main parameters influencing the total water cost produced by different desalination technologies are herein presented in detail. Some recent developments, such as the increase of unit capacity, improvements in process design and materials, and the use of hybrid systems have contributed to cost reduction as well as reduction in energy consumption. The development of new and emerging low-energy desalination technologies, such as adsorption desalination, will have an impact on cost variation estimation in the future.

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“…This wash step produced hydrates with potable water quality as per TDS requirements, but it was also this step that proved to be the largest detriment to overall process efficiency. [11] Even with the mixed results from this work, it was estimated that the cost associated with this technology would produce water at $0.46 -$0.52/m 3 with public funding. [8] This estimate, although based on a process yet to run on a completely functional level, is comparable to the cost associated with other current desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis ($0.45-$0.92/ m 3 ) and multi-stage flash distillation ($1.10 -$1.50/ m 3 ).…”

Section: Previous Development Of Clathrate Hydrate Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Desalination utilizing clathrate hydrates (LDRD final report).

Simmons¹,

Bradshaw²,

Dedrick³

et al. 2008

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Advances are reported in several aspects of clathrate hydrate desalination fundamentals necessary to develop an economical means to produce municipal quantities of potable water from seawater or brackish feedstock. These aspects include the following, (1) advances in defining the most promising systems design based on new types of hydrate guest molecules, (2) selection of optimal multi-phase reactors and separation arrangements, and, (3) applicability of an inert heat exchange fluid to moderate hydrate growth, control the morphology of the solid hydrate material formed, and facilitate separation of hydrate solids from concentrated brine. The rate of R141b hydrate formation was determined and found to depend only on the degree of supercooling. The rate of R141b hydrate formation in the presence of a heat exchange fluid depended on the degree of supercooling according to the same rate equation as pure R141b with 4 secondary dependence on salinity. Experiments demonstrated that a perfluorocarbon heat exchange fluid assisted separation of R141b hydrates from brine. Preliminary experiments using the guest species, difluoromethane, showed that hydrate formation rates were substantial at temperatures up to at least 12°C and demonstrated partial separation of water from brine.We present a detailed molecular picture of the structure and dynamics of R141b guest molecules within water cages, obtained from ab initio calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and Raman spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations were used to provide an energetic and molecular orbital description of R141b stability in both large and small cages in a structure II hydrate. Additionally, the hydrate of an isomer, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, does not form at ambient conditions because of extensive overlap of electron density between guest and host. Classical molecular dynamics simulations and laboratory trials support the results for the isomer hydrate. Molecular dynamics simulations show that R141b hydrate is stable at temperatures up to 265K, while the isomer hydrate is only stable up to 150K. Despite hydrogen bonding between guest and host, R141b molecules rotated freely within the water cage. The Raman spectrum of R141b in both the pure and hydrate phases was also compared with vibrational analysis from both computational methods. In particular, the frequency of the C-Cl stretch mode (585 cm -1 ) undergoes a shift to higher frequency in the hydrate phase. Raman spectra also indicate that this peak undergoes splitting and intensity variation as the temperature is decreased from 4°C to -4°C. 5 AcknowledgmentsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions to this study made by Bill Anderson (8758) for laboratory support modifying and operating the experimental hydrate cell and Miles Clift (8758), who performed cold-stage x-ray diffraction of R141b hydrate samples.

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Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Cited by 203 publications

References 48 publications

The benefits of hybridising electrodialysis with reverse osmosis

The benefits of hybridising electrodialysis with reverse osmosis

Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability

Desalination utilizing clathrate hydrates (LDRD final report).

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