“…Natural materials used for bladder repair/augmentation include fascia (Alonzo and Laughlin, 1964), skin (Draper and Stark, 1956), dura mater (Kelami, 1971), omentum (Goldstein et al, 1967), intestinal tract (Leong and Ong, 1972), peritoneum (Hutschenreiter et al, 1978), and epicardium (Kambic et al, 1992). Artificial materials used for this purpose include gelatin sponges (Tsuji et al, 1967), silicone (Bogash et al, 1960), polyvinyl (Kudish, 1957), and Teflon (Ulm, 1966). However, these attempts have generally failed due to mechanical, structural, and biocompatibility problems, which have led to a variety of clinical complications such as graft contracture secondary to poor vascularity and graft rejection (Taguchi et al, 1977; Goya, 1986; Gleeson and Griffith, 1992).…”