Total, Neutral, and Polar Lipids of Brewing Ingredients, By-Products and Beer: Evaluation of Antithrombotic Activities

Abstract

<jats:p>The in vitro antithrombotic properties of polar lipid constituents of malted grain (MG), pelleted hops (PH), brewer’s spent grain (BSG), spent hops (SH), wort, and bottled beer from the same production line were assessed in human platelets. The total lipids (TL) were extracted according to the Bligh and Dyer method and further separated into the total neutral lipids (TNL) and total polar lipids (TPL) extracts by counter-current distribution. The TL, TNL, and TPL extracts of all samples were assessed for their ability to inhibit platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation. The raw materials, by-products, wort, and beer lipid extracts all exhibited antithrombotic properties against PAF and thrombin. However, the beer TPL exhibited the lowest IC50 values against PAF-induced (7.8 ± 3.9 µg) and thrombin-induced (4.3 ± 3.0 µg) platelet aggregation indicating that these polar lipids were the most antithrombotic. The lipid extracts tended to be more bioactive against the thrombin pathway. The fatty acid content of all the TPL extracts were assessed using GC-MS. The fatty acid composition of the most bioactive TPL extracts, the wort and the beer, shared similar fatty acid profiles. Indeed, it was noted that fermentation seems to play a role in increasing the antithrombotic properties of polar lipids against PAF and thrombin by moderately altering the polar lipid fatty acid composition. Furthermore, the use of brewing by-products as a source of functional cardioprotective lipids warrants further investigation and valorisation.</jats:p>

The Effects of Oxidation on the Antithrombotic Properties of Tea Lipids against PAF, Thrombin, Collagen, and ADP

“…More specifically, in our study we used the well-established Bligh and Dyer extraction method for obtaining TL extracts [32], coupled with the efficient counter-current distribution of Galanos and Kapoulas [33], as previously described [24]. When this methodology was previously applied to other plant sources and related products that are also rich in polyphenols and bioactive polar compounds (e.g., red and white wine, musts, grapes, olive oil, sunflower oil, several kind of beers, and brewery byproducts), the bioactive phenolic compounds migrated to the PL fraction of the TL extracts within these conditions [25][26][27][28]35,36].…”

“…This is also in accordance with previously reported outcomes for TL extracts from wine and beer that were also rich in higher amounts of PL, including bioactive phenolic and classic PL compounds. The TL also had higher bioactivities in comparison to the NL, which were less bioactive and in lower amounts [26,27,36].…”

“…PL from several natural sources and foods that are rich in such unsaturated FA, have exhibited potent bioavailability, biofunctionality, and antithrombotic properties, not only against PAF [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], but also against other platelet agonists such as thrombin [23][24][25][26]28], collagen, and ADP [25]. Therefore, the more potent anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects of such PL of natural origin, including plant-derived PL, against all these mediators and especially on PAF pathway and metabolism, have been translated to an overall favourable protective effect towards several inflammation-related disorders.…”

“…However, several PL of natural origin (e.g., from plants, animals, marine sources, microorganisms, food byproducts, etc.) and especially those bearing unsaturated FA possess much more potent antithrombotic properties against platelet aggregation and thus an overall protective effect against several chronic disorders including CVD [8,15,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues

“…Biological activity of these residues makes long term storage difficult. The literature reports ongoing work on various new ways of using BSG, including extraction of polyphenols [10,11], other anti-oxidants [12,13], functional cardioprotective lipids for pharmaceutic use [14], proteins [15], fodder for edible insects [16], material for disposable trays [17], natural rubber modifier [18], as well as feedstock for production of pigments [19] and biochar, for subsequent use as soil amendment [20] or sustainable material for electrodes [21].The potential use of this residue as a fuel has been suggested by several authors so far [7][8][9]22,23]. The relatively high initial moisture content of spent grain makes hydrothermal valorization techniques the most sensible choice [8,9].…”