Total emission of soot and thermal radiation by free turbulent diffusion flames

Becker, H. A.; Dong, Liang

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(82)90080-3

Cited by 57 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The agreement between corresponding data sets of the two authors is not especially strong, especially for acetylene where the flow conditions appear to be similar (i.e., Fr g % 10) and soot yields vary by a factor of 4-8 or more. The present data for methane similarly do not align with data of Becker and Liang (1982), although the comparable experiments were at significantly different Froude numbers as indicated on the plot. In general, Figure 2 serves to show that where limited comparable data do exist for multiple flow conditions and fuels, there are still discrepancies.…”

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion supporting

confidence: 29%

“…Specifically, the variation in soot yields spans several orders of magnitude, necessitating the use of a log scale to display the data. More curiously, while the data of Sivathanu and Faeth (1990) show the anticipated sensitivity of soot yield to fuel composition, the data of Becker and Liang (1982) suggest that in the range of Fr g % 5, the soot yields of methane, ethane, propane, and ethylene essentially overlap. The agreement between corresponding data sets of the two authors is not especially strong, especially for acetylene where the flow conditions appear to be similar (i.e., Fr g % 10) and soot yields vary by a factor of 4-8 or more.…”

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fuel mixtures consisting of any or all of CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10 , CO 2 , and N 2 could be metered, mixed, delivered to the burner at fuel flow rates of up to 100 standard liters per minute (SLPM, evaluated at O C and 101.325 KPa), and ejected from flare tips with exit diameters of 12.7, 25.4, 38.1, 50.8, or (Becker and Liang, 1982), Sivathanu and Faeth (Sivathanu and Faeth, 1990), and current measurements using pure methane and the heavy 4-component fuel mix.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where alkanes have been studied, typically only propane has been considered. Becker and Liang (1982) studied soot emissions from the alkane family of fuels more thoroughly; however, to the authors' knowledge, their data are the only measurements of the total soot emission in the literature to include data from methane, ethane, and propane diffusion flames. Although they were not able to develop a theory for scaling soot emissions, they were able to demonstrate that the soot emission changed under varying flow conditions (i.e., burner size, exit velocity, fuel).…”

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total soot emission from turbulent diffusion flames has been studied in the past (Becker and Liang, 1982;Delichatsios, 1993b;Sivathanu and Faeth, 1990). However, these works typically considered pure fuels comprised of heavier sooting alkene or alkyne hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

McEwen

Johnson

2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

119

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Flaring is a technique used extensively in the oil and gas industry to burn unwanted flammable gases. Oxidation of the gas can preclude emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas); however, flaring creates other pollutant emissions such as particulate matter (PM) in the form of soot or black carbon (BC). Currently available PM emission factors for flares were reviewed and found to be questionably accurate, or based on measurements not directly relevant to open-atmosphere flares. In addition, most previous studies of soot emissions from turbulent diffusion flames considered alkene or alkyne based gaseous fuels, and few considered mixed fuels in detail and/or lower sooting propensity fuels such as methane, which is the predominant constituent of gas flared in the upstream oil and gas industry. Quantitative emission measurements were performed on laboratory-scale flares for a range of burner diameters, exit velocities, and fuel compositions. Drawing from established standards, a sampling protocol was developed that employed both gravimetric analysis of filter samples and real-time measurements of soot volume fraction using a laser-induced incandescence (LII) system. For the full range of conditions tested (burner inner diameter [ID] of 12.7-76.2 mm, exit velocity 0.1-2.2 m/sec, 4-and 6-component methane-based fuel mixtures representative of associated gas in the upstream oil industry), measured soot emission factors were less than 0.84 kg soot/10 3 m 3 fuel. A simple empirical relationship is presented to estimate the PM emission factor as a function of the fuel heating value for a range of conditions, which, although still limited, is an improvement over currently available emission factors.Implications: Despite the very significant volumes of gas flared globally and the requirement to report associated emissions in many jurisdictions of the world, a review of the very few existing particulate matter emission factors has revealed serious shortcomings sufficient to suggest that estimates of soot production from flares based on current emission factors should be interpreted with caution. New BC emissions data are presented for laboratory-scale flares in what are believed to be the first such experiments to consider fuel mixtures relevant to associated gas compositions. The empirical model developed from these data is an important step toward being able to better predict and manage BC emissions from flaring.

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Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion supporting

confidence: 29%

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Studies Of Soot Emissions From Turbulent Diffusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

McEwen

Johnson

2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

119

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Erforschung von Schadenfeuern flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe als Beitrag zur Sicherheit von Chemieanlagen

Schönbucher

Brötz

Balluff

et al. 1985

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Das Gefahrenpotential von Schadenfeuern in Chemieanlagen wird am Beispiel von Tank-und Pool-Flammen aufgezeigt. Die Bedeutung und Funktion fluiddynamischer, organisierter Strukturen fur die Verbrennungsvorgange in Schadenfeuern wird dargelegt. Kurz erlautert werden die angewandten experimentellen Methoden zur Sichtbarmachung organisierter Strukturen. Ausfiihrlich behandelt werden die Einfliisse dieser Strukturen auf die sicherheitstechnisch relevanten GroBen Abbrandgeschwindigkeit und Warmezone, maximaler Basisdurchmesser eines Schadenfeuers, Flammenlange und -Neigung sowie Strahlungswarmestrom in die Umgebung. Zur Berechnung der entfernungsabhangigen Bestrahlungsstarke eines Schadenfeuers wird neben dem Punktquellenmodell und dem Zylinder-Flammenstrahlungsmodell ein neues Modell, das Ballen-Strahlungsmodell, vorgestellt. Es beriicksichtigt die iiberlagerte Warmestrahlung von Flammenballen (hot spots) und RulSballen sowie den Blockierungseffekt kalter Brennstoffballen. Die Anwendung dieses Modells fiihrt auf zeitlich gemittelte, maximale Bestrahlungsstarken von E -4 W/cm2, die fur Schadenfeuer mit einem Pool-Durchmesser >14 m bei den meisten Brennstoffen gemessen werden. Diese Werte liegen etwa urn den Faktor 3 niedriger als die mit dem Zylinder-Flammenstrahlungsmodell berechneten Bestrahlungsstarken. Die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen, z. B. fur die Sicherheitsabstande benachbarter Tanks, werden diskutiert. Investigation of hazardous fires of liquid hydrocarbons ascontribution to the safety of chemical plants. This article illustrates the danger potential of hazardous fires, such as pooland tank fires in chemical plants. The importance and the role of fluid dynamic organized structures for the combustion processes are presented. Experimental methods used for the visualization of these organized structures are also explained. The influence of such structures on the safety data, burning rate, maximum pool fire diameter, flame height and flame tilt, and the total radiative power is dealt with in detail. The point source model and the solid flame radiation model are discussed for calculation of the distance-dependent irradiance of a pool fire. A new model, the parcel-radiation model, considers the radiation of hot spots, soot parcels, and the effect of radiation blockage by cooler, unburnt fuel parcels. Application of the parcel-radiation model leads to a calculated maximum irradiance of E -4 W/cm2, which is verified experimentally for most pool fires with diameters > 14 m. These irradiances are three times smaller than the values calculated by the solid flame radiation model. The consequences for safe separation distance between two adjacent pools are discussed.

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Reacting Flows — Introductory Remarks

Bilger

1985

Turbulent Shear Flows 4

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Total emission of soot and thermal radiation by free turbulent diffusion flames

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

Erforschung von Schadenfeuern flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe als Beitrag zur Sicherheit von Chemieanlagen

Reacting Flows — Introductory Remarks

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