Tornadoes Associated With Hurricanes

Malkin, William; Galway, Joseph G.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0299:tawh>2.0.co;2

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Hurricanes that recurve along or off the eastern United States do not produce tornado outbreaks because their right-front quadrant is not over the land for an extended period of time (Hill et al, 1966;Novlan and Gray, 1974;McCaul, 1991; this study). Most tornadoes are found in the right-front quadrant relative to the motion of the hurricane (Malkin and Galway, 1953;Pearson and Sadowski, 1965;Smith, 1965;Orton, 1970;Novlan and Gray, 1974;Gentry, 1983;McCaul, 1991). This quadrant is where the greatest deep-layer shear and helicity are found (McCaul, 1991;Bogner et al, 2000), typical ingredients for mesocyclogenesis and tornadogenesis, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To understand why recurving hurricanes that made landfall on the southern coast are more likely to produce tornado outbreaks, we need to understand why hurricanes spawn tornadoes. Most tornadoes in hurricanes are spawned in the right-front quadrant of the hurricane relative to the direction of motion of the hurricane (e.g., Malkin and Galway, 1953;Pearson and Sadowski, 1965;Smith, 1965;Orton, 1970;Novlan and Gray, Fig. 6.…”

Section: Landfall Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hurricane Allen's (1980) landfall in Texas produced well over $70 million in damage associated with hurricane-spawned tornadoes alone (Gentry, 1983). Other examples of tornadoes associated with tropical systems are described in Gray (1919), Hills (1929), Tannehill (1938, pp 24-25), Malkin and Galway (1953), Sadowski (1962), Rudd (1964), Pearson and Sadowski (1965), Orton (1970), Hoadley (1981), Stiegler and Fujita (1982), McCaul (1987), Grazulis (1993, pp 124-127), McCaul et al (2004), and Watson et al (2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin: 1954–2004

Verbout

Schultz

Leslie

et al. 2007

Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.

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Tornadoes are a notable potential hazard associated with landfalling hurricanes. The purpose of this paper is to discriminate hurricanes that produce numerous tornadoes (tornado outbreaks) from those that do not (nonoutbreaks). The data consists of all hurricane landfalls that affected the United States from the North Atlantic basin from 1954 to 2004 and the United States tornado record over the same period. Because of the more than twofold increase in the number of reported tornadoes over these 51 years, a simple least-squares linear regression (''the expected number of tornadoes'') was fit to the annual number of tornado reports to represent a baseline for comparison. The hurricanes were sorted into three categories. The first category, outbreak hurricanes, was determined by hurricanes associated with the number of tornado reports exceeding a threshold of 1.5% of the annual expected number of tornadoes and at least 8 F1 and greater tornadoes during the time of landfall (from outer rainbands reaching shore to dissipation of the system). Eighteen hurricane landfalls were classified as outbreak hurricanes. Second, 37 hurricanes having less than 0.5% of the annual expected number of tornadoes were classified as nonoutbreak landfalls. Finally, 28 hurricanes that were neither outbreak nor nonoutbreak hurricanes were classified as midclass hurricane landfalls. Stronger hurricanes are more likely to produce tornado outbreaks than weaker hurricanes. While 78% of outbreak hurricanes were category 2 or greater at landfall, only 32% of nonoutbreak hurricanes were category 2 or greater at landfall. Hurricanes that made landfall along the southern coast of the United States and recurved northeastward were more likely to produce tornadoes than those that made landfall along the east coast or those that made landfall along the southern coast but did not recurve. Recurvature was associated with a 500-hPa trough in the jet stream, which also contributed to increased deep-layer shear through the hurricane, favoring mesocyclogenesis, and increased the low-level shear, favoring tornadogenesis. The origin of the hurricane, date of landfall, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation phase do not appear to be factors in outbreak hurricane creation. The results of this study help clarify inconsistencies in the previous literature regarding tornado occurrences in landfalling hurricanes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Landfall Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin: 1954–2004

Verbout

Schultz

Leslie

et al. 2007

Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.

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“…Landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) have long been known to spawn tornadoes (e.g., Malkin and Galway 1953). Through the mid-1970s, research into TC tornadoes was limited to climatological studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Processes Leading to Supercells in the Landfalling Outer Rainbands of Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Green

Zhang

Markowski

2011

Weather and Forecasting

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Shallow supercells are frequently observed within the outer rainbands-both onshore and offshore-of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs). Such supercells can produce tornadoes along the coast even when the center of the parent TC is hundreds of kilometers from land, as was the case with Hurricane Katrina (2005). A convection-permitting simulation with 1.5-km grid spacing in the innermost domain is used in conjunction with radar, radiosonde, and surface observations to investigate the multiscale conditions conducive to supercells in the landfalling outer rainbands of Katrina. Several hours before the eye of the TC made landfall, a baroclinic zone developed along the coast; this front strongly influenced the horizontal distributions of cellrelative helicity and CAPE such that the largest values of these parameters were located over land and water, respectively. An example of a tornadic supercell in the outer rainbands of Katrina is examined. This cell intensified just before landfall and spawned a tornado along the coast, demonstrating the ability of baroclinic boundaries to enhance low-level horizontal vorticity and subsequently intensify updraft rotation within passing cells. Farther inland, the tornadic cell weakened rapidly, suggesting the presence of a narrow coastal zone in which both shear and buoyancy are favorable for tornadogenesis.

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“…Tannehill [l] noted that few authentic records existed of tornadic storms during hurricanes. Malkin and Galway [2] presented data showing only 24 reported tornadoes over a 141-yr. period ending in 1962. Sadowski [3] showed that the 15 tornadoes accompanying hurricane Carla favored a location to the right of the hurricane's direction of motion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes and Their Distribution

Pearson

Sadowski

1965

Mon. Wea. Rev.

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The 39 tornado occurrences associated with the four hurricanes which struck bhe United States during 1964 are shown to favor a location in the right front quadrant of the storm. A distribution of hurricane tornadoes over the past 10 yr. is presented, also favoring the right front quadrant. Some suggestion of a preference for afternoon formation is rejected because a time bias was noted in reports from hurricane Isabell.

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Tornadoes Associated With Hurricanes

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

Tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin: 1954–2004

Tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin: 1954–2004

Multiscale Processes Leading to Supercells in the Landfalling Outer Rainbands of Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes and Their Distribution

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