Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes and Their Distribution

Pearson, Allen; Sadowski, Alexander

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0461:hitatd>2.3.co;2

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…The moderately high CAPE and vertical wind shear contributed to a SCP of .1.0 in the RF quadrant (Table 1). The propensity for tornadoes to occur predominantly in the RF quadrant has long been known (e.g., Pearson and Sadowski 1965), and all of Ivan's tornadoes were also observed within the RF quadrant. The parameters for supercells and tornadoes were so clearly maximized in the RF quadrant that we focus the remainder of our analyses on only that quadrant.…”

Section: B Spatial Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Novlan and Gray (1974) found that tornadic TC landfalls are characterized by significantly more vertical wind shear in the lowest 1-2 km than are nontornadic cases. Another well-known finding of these climatologies [dating back at least to the work of Smith (1965) and Pearson and Sadowski (1965)] is that the preponderance of TC-spawned tornadoes occurs in the right-front (RF) quadrants of TCs [which should be defined with respect to the storm's motion, as originally noted by Hill et al (1966)]. Another well-known finding of these climatologies [dating back at least to the work of Smith (1965) and Pearson and Sadowski (1965)] is that the preponderance of TC-spawned tornadoes occurs in the right-front (RF) quadrants of TCs [which should be defined with respect to the storm's motion, as originally noted by Hill et al (1966)].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Ingredients for Supercells and Tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan

Baker

Parker

Eastin

2009

Weather and Forecasting

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Hurricane Ivan (2004) was a prolific producer of tornadoes as it made landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast. Prior researchers have revealed that the tornadic cells within tropical cyclone (TC) rainbands are often supercellular in character. The present study investigates the utility of several common midlatitude, continental supercell and tornado diagnostic tools when applied to Hurricane Ivan's tornado episode.The environment within Hurricane Ivan was favorable for storm rotation. While well offshore, the bands of Hurricane Ivan possessed embedded cells with mesocyclones of moderate intensity. A dual-Doppler analysis reveals that the updrafts of these cells were highly helical in the lower troposphere, suggesting significant ingestion of streamwise environmental vorticity. These coherent cells were long lived and could be tracked for multiple hours. As the supercells over the Gulf of Mexico approached the coast during Ivan's landfall, rapid increases in midlevel vorticity and vertically integrated liquid (VIL) occurred. Based on compiled severe weather reports, these increases in storm intensity appear often to have immediately preceded tornadogenesis.The local environment for supercells in Ivan's interior is evaluated through the use of 62 soundings from the operational land-based network and from research flights. There were substantial differences in the thermodynamic profiles and wind profiles at differing ranges from Ivan's center, from quadrant to quadrant of Ivan's circulation, and between land and sea. The most optimal environment for supercells and tornadoes occurred in the most interior section of Ivan's right-front quadrant, with conditions being even more favorable over land than over the sea. For contrast, comparable values are presented for Hurricane Jeanne (2004), which was similar to Ivan in several respects, but was not a prolific tornado producer at landfall. Although both storms provided environments with comparable shallow-and deep-layer vertical wind shear, the Ivan environment had notably more CAPE, likely due to a prominent dry air intrusion. This increase in CAPE was reflected in substantial increases in common operational forecasting composite indices. The results suggest that the conventionally assessed ingredients for midlatitude continental supercells and tornadoes can be readily applied to discriminate among TC tornado episodes.

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Section: B Spatial Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Ingredients for Supercells and Tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan

Baker

Parker

Eastin

2009

Weather and Forecasting

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“…Tornadoes, for example, can occur approximately 80-320 km away from the hurricane eye, outside of the area of known hurricane-force winds. Typically, tornadoes occur in the northeast and east quadrants (30-120°) regardless of the direction of the hurricane path [1,80,82] . Tornadoes can potentially precede hurricane force winds beginning up to 12 h prior to the arrival of the main body of the storm [82] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, tornadoes occur in the northeast and east quadrants (30-120°) regardless of the direction of the hurricane path [1,80,82] . Tornadoes can potentially precede hurricane force winds beginning up to 12 h prior to the arrival of the main body of the storm [82] . During Hurricane Beulah (1967), tornadoes occurred mostly 160-320 km away from the hurricane eye in the northeast quadrant of the storm [80] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Biological Responses of Forests to Tropical Cyclones Affecting the United States Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Coasts

Jeffrey¹

2009

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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Problem Statement: Natural resources within the southern United States have repeatedly been subjected to the impact of tropical cyclones. While the frequency of tropical cyclones hitting either coast varies from year to year, it is crucial for natural resource managers and land owners to be prepared for the damage resulting from such storms. The goal of this review paper is to synthesize previous research and assess how hurricanes impact coastal forests. Approach: In order to understand the impact on forests in this region, an extensive literature review was preformed. The literature review focused primarily on the southern United States' forests but included information from other areas that was pertinent in understanding the impact of strong wind events on forests. Results: Although the literature is not entirely consistent in arriving at factors that can be used to describe or predict potential damage to forests, a number of trends were obvious. Forest damage was found to be a function of tree species, proximity to the eye of the hurricane, stand and site characteristics, species-specific responses to storm surges, and topographic exposure. Each of these factors was found to be critical in developing and understanding potential hurricane damage to forest and wildlife values. Conclusions/Recommendations: Such a review paper was found to be a valuable tool for informing natural resource managers and forest land owners of the potential impacts of hurricanes on the forest of the southern United States. This information will help land managers develop a response plan related to hurricane damage.

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“…While the prevalence of tornadoes in many landfalling TCs has been known for a long time, low-level cloudiness, rain and intense winds make it difficult to directly observe this phenomenon in the case of landfalling TCs. SMITH (1965) noted that the right front quadrant of a moving TC is likely to develop tornadoes while PEARSON and SANDOWSKI (1965) observed that most of the TC tornadoes occurred outside of the area where hurricane force winds prevailed. HILL et al (1966), in a seminal paper, noted that dry air intrusions into the TC circulation likely caused an environment that favored tornadogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structures of Mesocirculations Producing Tornadoes Associated with Tropical Cyclone Frances (1998)

Rao

Scheck

Edwards

et al. 2005

Pure appl. geophys.

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Radar structures of one mesocyclone and one mesocirculation (the term mesocirculation refers to a class of rotating updrafts, which may or may not be as spatially and temporally large as a typical mesocyclone) that developed a total of four tornadoes in association with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Frances 1998 are presented. One tornado developed within an inner rainband near the time of landfall while three of the other tornadoes developed within an outer rainband nearly 24 hours after the landfall. Radar reflectivities of the tornadic circulations averaged upwards of 40 dBZ while Doppler radar wind components directed toward the radar averaged 11m s)1. It is realized that although TC Frances was a minimal hurricane it spawned several tornadoes (four of which were studied) causing damage exceeding $2 million. These tornadoes were not all located close to the TC center, serving as a caution to forecasters and emergency personnel that the immediate landfalling area is not the only place to watch.While it is difficult to accurately predict the TC tornado location and time of occurrence, the degree of low-level baroclinicity seems to play an important role in tornadogenesis. Another significant finding is that the tornadoes were produced on the inward side of an inner rainband, as well as the inward side of an outer rainband. Consistent with climatology, the forward right quadrant of the TC developed the four tornadoes studied here.

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Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes and Their Distribution

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Environmental Ingredients for Supercells and Tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan

Environmental Ingredients for Supercells and Tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan

Physical and Biological Responses of Forests to Tropical Cyclones Affecting the United States Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Coasts

Structures of Mesocirculations Producing Tornadoes Associated with Tropical Cyclone Frances (1998)

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