Tornado-borne debris impact performance of an innovative storm safe room system protected by a carbon fiber reinforced hybrid polymeric-matrix composite

Zhou, Hongyu; Dhiradhamvit, Kittinan; Attard, Thomas L.

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.10.041

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The selection of elapsed curing time -t c -, and polyurea thickness -h p -was based on the expected influence on properties, such as damping, of the CHMC, which were identified in previous studies [17;19]. It was found from previous study [19] that the material damping and impact resistance generally increase with lower t c values in CHMC systems at higher load rates, where the influence of h p lessens; however, at lower load rates, these properties become more dependent on both h p and t c . Similar to how the strain rate may affect the mechanical response of a material, crushing speed (or loading rate) also affects the load response and energy absorption capability of a composite structural element.…”

Section: The Chmc Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many crashworthy applications, such as those applicable to the automotive industry, energy absorption capability may not be the only concern since cost and durability also play a substantial role. In an attempt to develop more cost efficient and durable composite materials with increased damage tolerance, a polymeric matrix composite (PMC) that was recently developed by some of the authors [15][16][17][18][19] has been experimentally tested herein, in order to determine the energy absorption and crashworthiness characteristics of the material. This PMC is referred to as Carbon-fiber reinforced Hybrid Matrix Composite, or CHMC [20], consisting of high strength carbon fibers and a dual-phase hybridized matrix composed of Bisphenal A (BPA) epoxy and an amino-based cross-linked polymer to formulate a polyurea compound that ultimately helps provide high damping, fracture toughness, and superior strength sustainability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A richer discussion of the influence of t c on the foregoing properties follows. Zhou et al[19] have shown indicate that the interfacial bonding properties between the two polymeric matrix phases, as well as the internal damping of the CHMC material, increase as t c decreases. The study on the performance of CHMC wood stud walls subjected to tornado windborne debris impact revealed the influence of material impact resistance on t c , where the material impact resistance increased as t c decreased.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Crashworthiness characteristics of a carbon fiber reinforced dual-phase epoxy–polyurea hybrid matrix composite

Zhou

Attard

Dhiradhamvit

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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The crashworthiness characteristics of rectangular tubes made from a carbon-fiber reinforced hybrid-polymeric matrix (CHMC) composite were investigated using quasistatic and impact crush tests. The hybrid matrix formulation of the CHMC was created by combining an epoxy-based thermosetting polymer with a lightly crosslinked polyurea elastomer at various cure-time intervals and volumetric ratios. The load-displacement responses of both CHMC and carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy (CF/epoxy) specimens were obtained under various crushing speeds; and crashworthiness parameters, such as the average crushing force and specific energy absorption (SEA), were calculated using subsequent load-displacement relationships. The CHMC maintained a high level of structural integrity and post-crush performance, relative to traditional CF/epoxy. The influence of the curing time and volumetric ratios of the polyurea/ epoxy dual-hybridized matrix system on the crashworthiness parameters was also investigated. The results reveal that the load carrying capacity and total energy absorption tend to increase with greater polyurea thickness and lower elapsed reaction curing time of the epoxy although this is typically a function of the loading rate. Finally, the mechanism by which the CHMC provides increased damage tolerance was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Section: The Chmc Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crashworthiness characteristics of a carbon fiber reinforced dual-phase epoxy–polyurea hybrid matrix composite

Zhou

Attard

Dhiradhamvit

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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“…There are no rigorous and precise methodologies (collective method) for designing and estimating the tornado proof homes within technical, fiscal and safety perspectives, while, most of the academic literature constructed on technical drawings [16,47,[17][18][19]48,20,21]. Accordingly, a coherent and concise framework has been developed to design and assess tornado resistant homes and its costs by incorporating missile shield technology through -2 Path Analysis (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, Weber [16], Marroquin [17], Reed [18], Hillje [19] and Zubieta [20] suggested novel designs for tornado proof building/shelters. More recently, Zhou et al [21] proposed a tornado safety room. While all models as mentioned above had diverse success rates from both cost and safety perspectives, it highlights that current design practices are not adequate to sufficiently resist tornado wind forces (400 mph).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost vs. safety: A novel design for tornado proof homes

2017

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Tornadoes are dangerous and destructive weather phenomena. The strongest category of tornadoes on the enhanced Fujita and TORRO scales is responsible for 75% of property destruction and deaths across the globe. These issues highlight the need for new design practices aimed at producing tornado proof homes in particular 3D CAD models in tornado prone zones at current climatic scenarios. Previous studies were entirely based on traditional slants and failed to offer a reliable tornado proof home, other than small rooms and trailers, while, none of the literature concentrated on multiple factors (cost, safety and high-wind proof). Therefore, a knowledge gap exists. In order to address the current research gap, this study attempts to develop an innovative 3D CAD model for tornado resistant homes by incorporating 2 PA (Two Path Analysis). Consequently, this study provides a new design using a 3D-CAD model for a tornado resistant home as in Path One and cost and safety scenarios in Path Two. However, this new design utilizes missile steel and shield technology. Preliminary results showed that, while this new design is safer and more technically sophisticated, it involves an increase of 25-30% in construction costs. However, this increased expense is low in comparison with rebuilding costs. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Housing and Building National Research Center. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Bulk Energy Transferability Linked to Critical N–H Modes of an Interfacial Nanoscale Surface Modification via Unique Isophorone Diisocyanate Amine Exchange Reaction

Attard¹

2021

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Although carbon dioxide concentrations are at a record high [3] -one ton of manufactured carbon fiber emits twenty tons of CO 2 [4,5] -lighter structural components can drastically lower CO 2 consumption. This includes carbon-fiber-constructed automobiles and aircraft that are 30% and 20% lighter that can reduce CO 2 emissions by 50 tons and 1400 tons over a ten-year lifecycle. And while carbon-fiber technologies generally reduce CO 2 emissions by 20%, [6] life-cycle analysis studies further highlight its environmental benefit via productionwaste reduction efforts and recycling [7] of discarded fiber and matrix (epoxy).To further distinguish the performanceenvironmental benefit, this study examines integration of bulk energy transferability into CF/E via modification of the surface epoxy to overcome its inherent performance limitations and to reduce fiber production, CO 2 emissions, cost, and waste. Furthermore, the novel surface modification may be utilized in general FRP systems, where the global composites market is expected to reach $131.6 billion by 2024. [8] Paucity of energy transferability remains a lofty design parameter in brittle FRPs that have low fracture toughness and material damping. [9] This is often over-compensated by aggrandizing fiber quantity, which amplifies cost and predisposes FRPs, including CF/E, to unexpected failure and potentially greater CO 2 emissions. However, due to their versatility, FRPs continue to be researched in various exposures, [10,11] specifically CF/E in extreme conditions. This includes the use of coatings to complement composite performance, where, for example, polyurea-coated composites dissipated blast-induced energy proportional to the polyurea thickness. [12,13] In blast-designed wall panels, polyurea fails to efficiently transfer the incoming energy, resulting in support shear failure. Although polyurea is characteristically weak (12-17 MPa), [14] it also made its way into projectile impact studies as a laminate coating for aluminum plates [15,16] but with minimal relevant success. Inherently, polyurea has a low loss modulus [17] that is similar to that of pure epoxy (in CF/E). In order to effectuate relevant damping in polyurea-coated composites, the polyurea thickness should be considerably large, making pure polyurea a cost-ineffective solution for enhancing FRP performance. [18] A surface-modified carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy (CF/E) via a unique isophorone diisocyanate amine (IDA) reaction produces a new interfacial epoxy-polyurea "matrix" (IEPM) that elicits excellent mechanical energy transferability in brittle CF/E. The chemical bonding property in the IEPM molecule is produced via moieties of an epoxy mixture and N-H-concentrated urea molecules, where IDA thermodynamics are controlled via a curing parameter, t c (in hours). Nano-scale properties of the IDA reaction, confirmed via fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and chemical mapping of molecules comprising the IEPM structure, are linked to bulk mechanical energy transferability, specifically l...

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Tornado-borne debris impact performance of an innovative storm safe room system protected by a carbon fiber reinforced hybrid polymeric-matrix composite

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Crashworthiness characteristics of a carbon fiber reinforced dual-phase epoxy–polyurea hybrid matrix composite

Crashworthiness characteristics of a carbon fiber reinforced dual-phase epoxy–polyurea hybrid matrix composite

Cost vs. safety: A novel design for tornado proof homes

Bulk Energy Transferability Linked to Critical N–H Modes of an Interfacial Nanoscale Surface Modification via Unique Isophorone Diisocyanate Amine Exchange Reaction

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