“…2,[4][5][6][7] As one of the most challenging tasks in the optimization design, topology optimization has been deeply explored and applied to a variety of design problems, for example, the minimum mean compliance problem, 8 the vehicle component design problems, 9 and the top-down structural assembly synthesis problem. 10 During the last decades, several methods have been developed, such as the ground structure method, [11][12][13] the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method, 8,14 and the level set method. [15][16][17] At the very beginning, the level set method was developed for numerically tracking fronts and free boundaries.…”