Topology Comparison of Superconducting AC Machines for Hybrid Electric Aircraft

Corduan, Matthias; Boll, Martin; Bause, Roman; Oomen, M.P.; Filipenko, Mykhaylo; Noë, M.

doi:10.1109/tasc.2019.2963396

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Unless stated otherwise, the frequency of the ripples is taken as 500 Hz. We chose this characteristic frequency because the rotor in electric machines for aviation presents ripple fields of fundamental frequencies of few hundreds of hertz or higher, since their rotating speed is targeted to few thousands of rpm [6,22].…”

Section: A Modelling Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-field demagnetization of stacks of tapes: 3D modelling and measurements

Kapolka¹,

Pardo

Grilli³

et al. 2019

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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Stacks of superconducting tapes can trap much higher magnetic fields than conventional magnets. This makes them very promising for motors and generators.However, ripple magnetic fields in these machines present a cross-field component that demagnetizes the stacks. At present, there is no quantitative agreement between measurements and modeling of cross-field demagnetization, mainly due to the need of a 3D model that takes the end effects and real micron-thick superconducting layer into account. This article presents 3D modeling and measurements of cross-field demagnetization in stacks of up to 5 tapes and initial magnetization modeling of stacks of up to 15 tapes. 3D modeling of the cross-field demagnetization explicitly shows that the critical current density, J c , in the direction perpendicular to the tape surface does not play a role in cross-field demagnetization. When taking the measured anisotropic magnetic field dependence of J c into account, 3D calculations agree with measurements with less than 4 % deviation, while the error of 2D modeling is much higher. Then, our 3D numerical methods can realistically predict cross-field demaga This article has been published in Supercond. Sci. Technol. with netization. Due to the force-free configuration of part of the current density, J, in the stack, better agreement with experiments will probably require measuring the J c anisotropy for the whole solid angle range, including J parallel to the magnetic field.the probe is at least 10 mV/T. Cross-field demagnetization consists on the following three main steps: magnetization by field cooling (FC) method, relaxation time and cross-field demagnetization. The detailed process is the following:• The sample is placed into the electromagnet at room temperature.• The electromagnet is ramped up to 1 T.• The sample is cooled down in liquid nitrogen bath at 77 K.• The electromagnet is ramped down with ramp rate 10 mT/s. 400 405 410 415 420 425 B t /B 0 [-] t [s] cal 50 mT cal 100 mT cal 150 mT cal 50 mT n(B,θ) cal 100 mT n(B,θ) cal 150 mT n(B,θ) (b) FIG. 19: (a) The n(B, θ) measured data on a 4 mm wide SuperOx tape, measured in Bratislava by the set-up in [46]. (b) The comparison of calculation with constant n=30 and n(B, θ) dependence, both cases use J c (B, θ) dependence. Using n(B, θ) slightly reduces the demagnetization rate for a few number of cycles, but later on it is increased slightly.

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Section: A Modelling Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This feature can be further enhanced by adding a superconducting stator [15][16][17], resulting in a full superconducting motor. Thanks to this, superconducting machines present a high potential [18], especially for electric aircrafts [6,16,17,[19][20][21][22], high power generators [14,22,23] and sea transport [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-field demagnetization of stacks of tapes: 3D modelling and measurements

Kapolka¹,

Pardo

Grilli³

et al. 2019

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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“…Several topologies of HTS synchronous machines are considered promising such as rotor-wound machines [15,16]; superconducting "permanent magnet" machines, made from HTS bulks [17] or HTS stacks of tapes [18]; and flux modulation machines [19][20][21][22][23]. The last topology, as illustrated in Figure 1 in its axial flux version, is composed by a static solenoid coil made of superconducting tapes which produce a DC magnetic field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Use of Superconducting Bulks for Magnetic Screening in Electrical Machines for Aircraft Applications

et al. 2021

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High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) considerably accelerate the development of superconducting machines for electrical engineering applications such as fully electrical aircraft. This present contribution is an overview of different superconducting materials that can be used as magnetic screens for the inductor of high specific power electrical machines. The impact of the material properties, such as the critical temperature (Tc) and the critical current density (Jc), on the machine performances is evaluated. In addition, the relevance to flux modulation machines of different HTS bulk synthesis methods are addressed.

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“…The main concern regarding AC loss comes from armature windings [17]. To avoid high AC loss, a number of researchers have adopted partially superconducting machines, i.e., superconductors are only used as field sources by means of direct current (DC) carrying coils or TFMs, and armature windings are made of conventional conductors [18,19]. However, it appears difficult for partially superconducting machines to achieve a power density higher than 20 kW/kg required for future aviation [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternating Current Loss of Superconductors Applied to Superconducting Electrical Machines

Zhang¹,

Wen²,

Grilli

et al. 2021

Energies

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Superconductor technology has recently attracted increasing attention in power-generation- and electrical-propulsion-related domains, as it provides a solution to the limited power density seen by the core component, electrical machines. Superconducting machines, characterized by both high power density and high efficiency, can effectively reduce the size and mass compared to conventional machine designs. This opens the way to large-scale purely electrical applications, e.g., all-electrical aircrafts. The alternating current (AC) loss of superconductors caused by time-varying transport currents or magnetic fields (or both) has impaired the efficiency and reliability of superconducting machines, bringing severe challenges to the cryogenic systems, too. Although much research has been conducted in terms of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of AC loss and its reduction methods, AC loss remains a crucial problem for the design of highly efficient superconducting machines, especially for those operating at high speeds for future aviation. Given that a critical review on the research advancement regarding the AC loss of superconductors has not been reported during the last dozen years, especially combined with electrical machines, this paper aims to clarify its research status and provide a useful reference for researchers working on superconducting machines. The adopted superconducting materials, analytical formulae, modelling methods, measurement approaches, as well as reduction techniques for AC loss of low-temperature superconductors (LTSs) and high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) in both low- and high-frequency fields have been systematically analyzed and summarized. Based on the authors’ previous research on the AC loss characteristics of HTS coated conductors (CCs), stacks, and coils at high frequencies, the challenges for the existing AC loss quantification methods have been elucidated, and multiple suggestions with respect to the AC loss reduction in superconducting machines have been put forward. This article systematically reviews the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods of AC loss as well as its reduction techniques in superconductors applied to electrical machines for the first time. It is believed to help deepen the understanding of AC loss and deliver a helpful guideline for the future development of superconducting machines and applied superconductivity.

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Topology Comparison of Superconducting AC Machines for Hybrid Electric Aircraft

Cited by 39 publications

References 17 publications

Cross-field demagnetization of stacks of tapes: 3D modelling and measurements

Cross-field demagnetization of stacks of tapes: 3D modelling and measurements

Review on the Use of Superconducting Bulks for Magnetic Screening in Electrical Machines for Aircraft Applications

Alternating Current Loss of Superconductors Applied to Superconducting Electrical Machines

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