Topological Isomorphism of Liquid–Vapor, Fusibility, and Solubility Diagrams: Analogues of Gibbs–Konovalov and Gibbs–Roozeboom Laws for Solubility Diagrams

Abstract

The comprehensive topological isomorphism of liquid–vapor, fusibility, and solubility diagrams in the proper sets of variables is proven with the aid of van der Waals equations of the shift in phase equilibrium. Analogues of Gibbs–Konovalov and Gibbs–Roozeboom laws are demonstrated in solubility diagrams of ternary and quaternary systems under crystallization of different types of solid solutions. For the demonstration, the quaternary reciprocal system K+,NH4+||Cl−,Br−−H2O and its ternary subsystems with modeling of the liquid phase within the framework of the classical Pitzer formalism are mainly used. An algorithm for calculating solubility equilibria in these systems is given.

Innovative Approaches for Improving the Quality and Resilience of Spring Barley Seeds: The Role of Nanotechnology and Phytopathological Analysis

“…Studies presented in [26,27] show that fullerenol regulates oxidative stress and tissue ion homeostasis in spring wheat, improving its net primary productivity under salt stress. Studies on the structure, properties and other characteristics of fullerenols have been continued and presented in [28][29][30]. Our future publications will present the results of testing synthesized nanopreparations in field conditions on spring barley crops under the conditions of three different soil-climatic zones of eastern Kazakhstan.…”