Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review

Wang, Xiaojian; Xu, Shanqing; Zhou, Shiwei; Xu, Wei; Leary, Martin; Choong, Peter F. M.; Qian, Ma; Brandt, Milan; Xie, Yi Min

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012

Cited by 1,639 publications

(990 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…The stiffness of the tested scaffolds varied in the range of 1.6 to 9.0 GPa, which aligns with the stiffness range of the trabecular (0.4 GPa [59,60]) and cortical bones (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)24]). The yield stress values of the scaffolds were in the range of 53 to 392 MPa, which lies in the range of cortical bones MPa [24,61]), but it is not suitable for a replacement of trabecular bone, 2-17 MPa [60].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

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Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Onal

Frith

Jurg

et al. 2018

Metals

122

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Abstract:Functionally graded lattice structures produced by additive manufacturing are promising for bone tissue engineering. Spatial variations in their porosity are reported to vary the stiffness and make it comparable to cortical or trabecular bone. However, the interplay between the mechanical properties and biological response of functionally graded lattices is less clear. Here we show that by designing continuous gradient structures and studying their mechanical and biological properties simultaneously, orthopedic implant design can be improved and guidelines can be established. Our continuous gradient structures were generated by gradually changing the strut diameter of a body centered cubic (BCC) unit cell. This approach enables a smooth transition between unit cell layers and minimizes the effect of stress discontinuity within the scaffold. Scaffolds were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) and underwent mechanical and in vitro biological testing. Our results indicate that optimal gradient structures should possess small pores in their core (~900 µm) to increase their mechanical strength whilst large pores (~1100 µm) should be utilized in their outer surface to enhance cell penetration and proliferation. We suggest this approach could be widely used in the design of orthopedic implants to maximize both the mechanical and biological properties of the implant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Other techniques, such as implicit surface modelling [31][32][33] and topology optimized scaffolds [18,34], are also gaining in popularity. The fabrication of such complex structures has recently become feasible with the advances in additive manufacturing [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Onal

Frith

Jurg

et al. 2018

Metals

122

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“…A wide array of studies have been conducted into AM fabrication of scaffolds, examining surface topography and chemistry, as well as the effects of pore size and lattice construction, on how scaffolds behave in a medical context. The recent review performed by Wang et al [122] examines these studies in depth, in addition to a discussion of AM fabrication of orthopaedic implants, both in the context of topology optimisation in implant design. The authors in this case conclude that AM provides an excellent opportunity for implant production, and note a number of challenges relating to the requirement for a comprehensive atlas of the mechanical properties of human bones, as well as in regards to further development of topology optimisation algorithms and lattice design.…”

Section: Use For Implants (Scaffolds)mentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray computed tomography and additive manufacturing in medicine: a review

Thompson

McNally

Maskery

et al. 2017

Int. J. Metrol. Qual. Eng.

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Abstract. The use of X-ray computed tomography (XCT) with additive manufacture (AM) within a medical context is examined in this review. The seven AM process families and various XCT scanning techniques are explained in brief, and the use of these technologies together is detailed over time. The transition of these technologies from a simple method of medical modelling to a robust method of customised implant manufacture is described, and the state-of-the-art for XCT and AM is examined in detail. XCT and AM are identified as having the potential to improve gold standards in both modelling and implant production, and in the conclusions of this review, primary barriers to the increased adoption of AM and XCT technologies are identified in reference to the main applications of XCT and AM technologies. The primary prohibitive factors generally relate to the cost of production across all of the examined applications, as well as the need for further clinical trials in surgical guidance and applications involving implantation.

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“…1 and is composed of an acetabular component, which usually is made of metal (titanium alloys etc), a Plastic Liner (made of polymers), a femoral head and a femoral stem that are usually made of the same material as the acetabular cup [7]. One of the most important challenges regarding AM technologies is to know how to control the process parameters to obtain the adequate characteristics of a part from mechanical, thermal and biomedical point of view [8,9]. The orientation of the parts during the manufacturing process has also a high influence on the accuracy and characteristics of the realized medical implants, as well [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite Element Analysis to determine the optimum contact pressure between the components of a hip implant made by using the Selective Laser Sintering and the Selective Laser Melting Technologies

Păcurar

Petrilak

2017

MATEC Web Conf.

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Abstract. The article presents a case study that was realized at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (TUC-N) in the field of customized medical implants made by using different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, such as the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and the Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Finite element analysis was successfully used to determine the mechanical behavior of an acetabular liner that was made from PA 2200 powder material by SLS and to determine the optimum technological parameters required to be used in the manufacturing process of the acetabular liner by SLS, so as the contact pressure between the acetabular liner made from PA 2200 material by SLS and the femoral head made from TiAl6V4 material by SLM will be optimum at the end and the displacement between the components will remain in the admissible limits

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Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review

Cited by 1,639 publications

References 179 publications

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

X-ray computed tomography and additive manufacturing in medicine: a review

Finite Element Analysis to determine the optimum contact pressure between the components of a hip implant made by using the Selective Laser Sintering and the Selective Laser Melting Technologies

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