Topography of the supraorbital nerve with reference to the lacrimal caruncle: danger zone for direct browplasty

Gil, Young-Chun; Shin, Kang‐Jae; Lee, Shin‐Hyo; Koh, Ki‐Seok; Shin, Hyun Jin

doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309332

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, there are numerous significant deviations from this typical arrangement [6–9]. Just after exiting the orbit, the supraorbital nerve divides into superficial branches (that pass over the frontalis muscle and provide sensory supply to the forehead skin) and a deep branch which remains deep to the corrugator supercilii and frontalis muscles [3,5,10]. The deep branch runs across the lateral forehead between the galea aponeurotica and the pericranium as the sensory nerve to the frontoparietal scalp [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge of the anatomy of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves has become more important in connection with the development of modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods and surgical techniques. This applies to procedures such as the anterior orbital approach, corneal neurotization, fronto-glabellar reconstruction flap, supraorbital injection, surgical treatment of migraine headaches, upper eyelid surgeries (e.g., blepharospasm surgery or direct browplasty) and any procedure requiring scalp or forehead incisions such as a forehead lift or endoscopic facial techniques [3–13]. Anatomic characteristics of supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves may also be relevant due to their use in eyeblink conditioning [14] or neurostimulation for preventing and treatment of migraine and cluster headaches [15–17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves: Their Intraorbital Course and Relation to the Supraorbital Margin

2019

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Background This study aimed to describe the topographical anatomy of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. Anatomical variations of both the intraorbital course of the 2 nerves and their relation to the supraorbital margin were analyzed. Material/Methods The research material involved 50 isolated adult cadaveric hemi-heads and 25 macerated adult skulls. All studied specimens were of Caucasian origin. Results Taking into account the location of the frontal nerve division, 2 main variants of the intraorbital course of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves were distinguished. The first variant (variant I, 42%) involved cases in which the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves branched off from the frontal nerve in the distal half of the length of the orbit. In the second variant (variant II, 58%), the frontal nerve branched into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves in the proximal half of the orbit. Variant II was characterized by the presence of a thick supraorbital nerve and a long, tiny supratrochlear nerve. For variant I, 27.8% of the supraorbital nerves were divided into the medial and lateral branch within the orbit, whereas, for variant II, 75% of nerves were divided into the medial and lateral branch within the orbit (before crossing the supraorbital margin). Single passage was observed on the supraorbital margin in 80% of wet specimens and in 78% of orbits examined on the macerated skulls. Conclusions Both the intraorbital and extraorbital course of the branches of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves were highly diverse. These variations should be taken into account during medical procedures performed within the orbital and frontal regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves: Their Intraorbital Course and Relation to the Supraorbital Margin

2019

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“…In the present study, the branch that innervated the skin of the lateral and medial forehead and originated from the frontal nerve inside the orbit was defined as the SON and STN, respectively. Although there are previous studies on both nerves, most have dissected the nerves from the vertex of the skull to the orbital margin (Malet et al, ; Beer et al, ; Andersen et al, ; Jeong et al, ; Janis et al, ; Lee et al, ; Gil et al, , ). It is usually believed that the SON is a lateral branch of the frontal nerve and that the STN is medial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a number of studies regarding the SON, STN, and related structures (their foramina and notches) using dry skulls (Webster et al, 1986;Beer et al, 1998;Agthong et al, 2005), embalmed cadavers (Beer et al, 1998;Andersen et al, 2001;Jeong et al, 2010;Fallucco et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2015;Gil et al, 2017aGil et al, , 2017b, fresh-frozen cadavers (Malet et al, 1997;Beer et al, 1998;Janis et al, 2013), and computed tomography (Turhan-Haktanir et al, 2008;Woo et al, 2013). On the surface of the forehead, these two nerves have various courses which have been well-documented (Knize, 1995;Beer et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical study of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: A new classification and application to understanding some migraine headaches

et al. 2019

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The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve. This nerve gives rise to two terminal branches, the supraorbital (SON) and supratrochlear nerves (STN). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the detailed proximal course of these nerves while inside the orbit. Therefore, the goal of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the SON and STN inside and at their exit from the orbit. Twenty sides from ten fresh‐frozen cadavers were used in this study. Intra and extra orbital dissections were performed to observe the course of the SON and STN. Additionally, measurements of the nerves were made at these locations. The course of the SON and STN inside the orbit was classified into three groups depending on the STN branching pattern from the SON. The group without any branch from the SON and STN inside the orbit was the most common. The exit points of these nerves were via the supraorbital notch, foramen, or neither a notch nor foramen. A distinct fibrous band was consistently found tethering the nerve except in specimens with nerves traversing a bony foramen. The mean diameters of the SON and STN were 1.3 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The results of this study further our knowledge of the course and morphology of the SON and STN and might be useful for better understanding and potentially treating some forms of migraine headache due to SON or STN compression/entrapment. Clin. Anat. 33:332–337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…The surface anatomy is typically used to aid the identification of deeper structures and produce appropriate documentation in all surgical disciplines (Bernstein, ). In oculofacial surgery, a predictable topographic method of identifying nerves and arteries based on an anatomic landmark may prevent iatrogenic injuries, facilitate dissection, and decrease the operating time (Gil et al, ). Therefore, knowledge of a precise and reliable surface landmark is very important for facilitating procedural approaches used by surgeons and enabling them to avoid complications during oculofacial surgery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of the lateral canthus as an anatomic landmark and its clinical implications

Shin

Song

et al. 2019

Clinical Anatomy

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Successful oculofacial procedures require the availability of a reliable surgical and anatomic landmark. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of the lateral canthus as a surface landmark. Seventy‐seven from 42 Korean cadavers were dissected. The horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin and the vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and the inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were measured. The mean horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin was 7.8 mm. Although the horizontal position of the lateral canthus appears to alter with age, the variation was only 2–3 mm. The mean vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were 8.1 and 17.2 mm. The vertical position of the lateral canthus did not vary with age, being located inferiorly within a fingernail width from the zygomaticofrontal suture. The lateral canthus, which is easily accessible and supported by muscular and fibrous lateral orbital attachments, exhibits small anatomic variations. Thus, the lateral canthus could act as a reliable surface landmark for identifying the location of underlying structures and describing a lesion on the face. Clin. Anat. 32:630–634, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Topography of the supraorbital nerve with reference to the lacrimal caruncle: danger zone for direct browplasty

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves: Their Intraorbital Course and Relation to the Supraorbital Margin

Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves: Their Intraorbital Course and Relation to the Supraorbital Margin

Anatomical study of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: A new classification and application to understanding some migraine headaches

Consistency of the lateral canthus as an anatomic landmark and its clinical implications

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