Topography Change Due to the Dec 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami — Field and Numerical Study at Kirinda Port, Sri Lanka

Remarkable bathymetric change in the nearshore zone by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Kirinda Harbor, Sri Lanka

“…2a, 3a) (JICA, 2006). The height of the wave breakers and the groyne is 4.5 m (Nishihata et al, 2006). The tidal level at Kirinda fluctuates merely some 20 cm and the wave breakers were designed to resist the wave of b5 m in height and 10 s (JICA, 2006).…”

“…During the 2004 IOT, a tsunami wave with 6.93-9.26 m inundation height struck this harbor: the tsunami inundated areas up to 500 m from the shoreline (Shibayama et al, 2005;Nishihata et al, 2006). The dredging boat had been located between WB-A and WB-B; it was displaced by the tsunami and was left aground some distance landward from the shoreline (Nishihata et al, 2006).…”

“…The dredging boat had been located between WB-A and WB-B; it was displaced by the tsunami and was left aground some distance landward from the shoreline (Nishihata et al, 2006). After the tsunami, the sand that had accumulated between WB-A and WB-B was found to have been flushed away (Nishihata et al, 2006).…”

Three-dimensional sediment transport processes on tsunami-induced topography changes in a harbor

“…Numerical models of tsunami-induced topography changes have been developed in a decade (Takahashi et al, 2000;Nishihata et al, 2006;Jaffe and Gelfenbuam, 2007;Huntington et al, 2007;Fujii et al, 2009;Gusman et al, 2010;Huang et al, 2010;Apotsos et al, 2011). These models are classified into two types; inverse models and forward models (Huntington et al, 2007).…”

“…Goto et al (2011) calculated the inundation process of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami near Kirinda harbor, Sri Lanka, using a two-dimensional vertically averaged hydrodynamic model, and investigated difference observed in bathymetric data one month before and 2 months after the tsunami. Takahashi et al (2000) and Nishihata et al (2006) coupled vertically averaged hydrodynamic models and sediment transport models, and carried out numerical simulations of topography changes in Kesen-numa port due to the 1960 Chilean tsunami and those in Kirinda harbor due to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, respectively. In the vertically averaged models, vertical averaged velocities and suspended sediment concentrations are calculated, and vertical profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration are given analytically.…”