Top Incomes in Chile using 50 years of household surveys: 1957-2007

Sanhueza, Claudia; Mayer, Ricardo

doi:10.4067/s0718-52862011000100007

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It should be noted that using households as the unit of analysis would result in lower top income shares, considering that female labor participation is relatively low in Chile. Sanhueza and Mayer () illustrate this phenomenon for the top decile and top centile using household survey data; however, they find that differences between shares constructed using household income, per capita household income, and individual income are small. Analyzing gender inequality with tax return data is an interesting potential avenue for future research if the tax agency is able to supply such information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top Income Shares, Business Profits, and Effective Tax Rates in ContemporaryChile

Fairfield

Luis²

2015

Review of Income and Wealth

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We contribute to research on inequality and world top incomes by presenting the first calculations of Chilean top income shares and effective tax rates using individual tax-return microdata from 2005 and 2009. We pay special attention to business income, which dominates at the top. Our analysis includes not only distributed profits, but also the large proportion of accrued profits retained by firms, which are rarely analyzed given the difficulty of identifying individual owners. Our most conservative top 1% income-share estimate is 15%-the fifth highest in the top incomes literature. When distributed profits are adjusted for evasion, the top 1% share reaches 22-26%. When we broaden the income concept to include accrued profits, which we impute to taxpayers using ownership shares calculated from business tax forms, the top 1% share increases to a minimum of 23%. Despite this impressive income concentration, the top 1% pays modest average effective income-tax rates of 15-16%.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top Income Shares, Business Profits, and Effective Tax Rates in ContemporaryChile

Fairfield

Luis²

2015

Review of Income and Wealth

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“…Relative movements from lower positions in the distribution to the top are modest in Chile (Sanhueza and Mayer, 2011), Canada (Saez and Veall, 2005) and the USA (Kopczuk et al, 2010), except for women, who experienced a relevant upward mobility from the 1980s on. On the other hand, absolute mobility within the top, that is, from a high to an even higher level, seems to be reasonably common and an important factor behind the rise in inequality in many countries in North America and Europe.…”

Section: Determinants Of Affluencementioning

confidence: 95%

The rich, the affluent and the top incomes

Medeiros

Souza

2014

Current Sociology

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The article reviews the literature on the rich, the affluent and the top income earners focusing on the determinants of affluence or richness. The review surveys empirical results about the composition of the income and wealth of the rich and its direct determinants, such as individual characteristics, the state and the structure of production. The article covers literature beginning with the early twentieth century but pays special attention to research conducted after the 2000s. It attempts to cover studies from all regions of the world, despite the concentration of current research on developed countries. The main conclusion is that factors not related to productivity are a key determinant of affluence and that this has not changed much over the last century.

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“…Consequently, and despite that Chile has made progress in overcoming poverty over the rest of Latin America, 10 % of the richest population receives 47 % of income, while the poorest 20 % only 3.4 % (Sanhueza and Mayer 2011). Income inequality contradicts the principle of equitable distribution in production of biofuels, and would not produce a fair distribution of profits (Buyx and Tait 2011).…”

Section: Principle 5 Equitable Distributionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ethics and Biofuel Production in Chile

Román‐Figueroa¹,

Paneque

2015

J Agric Environ Ethics

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Artículo de publicación ISIChile needs to diversify its energy supply, and should establish policies that encourage the production and use of biofuels. The demand for energy resources increases with population growth and industrial development, making it urgent to find green alternatives to minimize the impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of traditional fuels. However, it is required that sophisticated strategies consider all externalities from the production of biofuels and should be established on the basis of protecting the environment, reducing GHG emissions and to avoid violating human rights. This article presents the Chilean reality, based on ethical principles that should be guarded to regulate the bioenergy market. These principles are: (1) human rights, (2) environmental sustainability, (3) climate change mitigation, (4) right to a fair reward, and (5) equitable distribution. It is concluded that in Chile the concentration of land and water for the development of extractive industries; and for agricultural and forestry purposes, contradicts the principle of human rights. The unequal distribution of income is also highlighted as part of a cycle of social injustice, with a high Gini coefficient (0.52). However, the policy of biofuels can be strengthened with the early use of second generation feedstock, the introduction of fair trade and regulation by the state to encourage participation of small farmers, and allows a position for Chile at the forefront of bioenergy production

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Top Incomes in Chile using 50 years of household surveys: 1957-2007

Abstract: Using household surveys that cover more than 50 years of the political and economic history of Chile, we

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Top Income Shares, Business Profits, and Effective Tax Rates in ContemporaryChile

Top Income Shares, Business Profits, and Effective Tax Rates in ContemporaryChile

The rich, the affluent and the top incomes

Ethics and Biofuel Production in Chile

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