Toothbrushes as a Source of DNA for Gender and Human Identification—A Systematic Review

Sundararajan, G.; Priya, V. Vishnu; Dubey, Alok; Mujoo, Sheetal; Sulimany, Ayman M; Tawhari, Ali; Mokli, Lujain Khalawi; Mohana, Arwa Jaber; Varadarajan, Saranya; Balaji, Thodur Madapusi; Raj, A. Thirumal; Patil, Shankargouda

doi:10.3390/ijerph182111182

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The present study demonstrated that toothbrushes are a potential source of genetic material that could be explored further for the diagnosis of diseases which is concurrent with previous studies [29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, standardization is required with a larger sample size and yield of DNA and RNA with different time intervals of toothbrushing and storage conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Used Toothbrush as a Potential Source of Gene Expression Among Subjects With Systemic Disease and Adverse Habits

Manikandan¹,

Govindarajan²,

Vishnupriya³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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To explore the viability of used toothbrush as a source of gene expression and comparison of the same among tobacco, alcohol, diabetic and hypertensive subjects. Materials and methodsFourteen subjects with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension were allocated to Group I, 14 subjects with tobacco and alcohol habits allocated to Group II and 14 healthy subjects allocated to Group III. Genetic materials retrieved from the used toothbrush of the study subjects were assessed for genetic expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), G-protein beta-3 (GNB3), and subunit gene and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ResultsBAX gene showed reduced expression in tobacco and alcohol users (p=0.0497). BCL2, CDK4, and GNB3 showed no significant difference in expression in both the groups and with control. CDKN2A was expressed at a lower level in Group I and II participants. TCF7L2 showed higher expression in Group 2 participants (p=0.001). ConclusionThe study concluded that used toothbrush is a reliable source for genetic expression. There was no difference in BCL2, CDK4, and GNB3 gene expression between subjects with systemic disease, adverse habits and healthy controls. There is a downregulation of BAX and upregulation of TCF7L2 gene in subjects with adverse habits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Used Toothbrush as a Potential Source of Gene Expression Among Subjects With Systemic Disease and Adverse Habits

Manikandan¹,

Govindarajan²,

Vishnupriya³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…Higher scores represent a lower risk of bias. Other researchers have used these criteria to differentiate the quality of articles according to the AXIS tool (De Cock et al, 2022 ; Sujatha et al, 2021 ). Two reviewers performed the quality assessment separately and disagreements were resolved by consensus in the presence of a third reviewer.…”

Section: The Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quality Appraisalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of patient‐reported dignity and dignified care during acute hospital admission

Fuseini

Ley

Rawson

et al. 2022

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aims: To synthesize quantitative evidence on levels of dignity during acute hospital admission and identify barriers and facilitators to patients' dignity or dignified care from the perspective of hospitalized patients. The secondary aim was to examine the relationship between dignity and demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics of patients.Design: A systematic review based on the protocol of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline for reporting systematic reviews.Data Sources: Five electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, AgeLine) were searched in February 2021, followed by backward-forward searching using Web of Science and Scopus databases.Review Methods: Potentially eligible articles were scrutinized by two reviewers.Articles that met the eligibility criteria were appraised for quality using the Critical Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Two reviewers extracted data for the review and resolved differences by consensus.Results: Out of 3052 potentially eligible studies, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Levels of dignity for hospitalized patients vary widely across geographic locations. Patients' dignity is upheld when healthcare professionals communicate effectively, maintain their privacy, and provide dignity therapy. Patients' perceptions of dignity were, in some studies, reported to be associated with demographic (e.g. age, marital status, gender, employment, educational status), clinical (e.g. hospitalization, functional impairment, physical symptoms) and psychological (e.g. depression, anxiety, demoralization, coping mechanisms) variables whilst other studies did not observe such associations. Conclusion:Patients in acute care settings experience mild to a severe loss of dignity across different geographic locations. Patients' dignity is influenced by several demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics of patients. Impact:The findings of the review support impetus for improvement in dignified care for hospitalized patients, addressing factors that facilitate or impede patients' dignity.

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“…The current study is the first to perform gene profiling using used toothbrushes. Similar studies have used toothbrushes for person and gender identification, whereas gene profiling has not yet been performed [21,[30][31][32][33][34]. The methodology for DNA isolation has been standardized, and this study provides a reference for the future exploration of toothbrushes not only as a forensic tool but also for the early diagnosis of diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Toothbrushes as Gene Expression Profiling Tool for Oral Cancer Screening in Tobacco and Alcohol Users

Govindarajan

Veeraraghavan

Alamoudi

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Aim: The use of toothbrushes was investigated as a potential RNA source and gene expression profiling tool for oral cancer screening in tobacco and alcohol users. Methodology: A total of 20 subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups: group I—healthy controls (n = 6); group II—individuals who consume tobacco and alcohol (n = 14). After the volunteers brushed their teeth using a soft-bristle toothbrush with ~0.5 gm of toothpaste, the toothbrushes were collected, and the gene expression of BAX, BCL2, CDK4, CKDN2A, GNB3, and TCF7L2 was assessed. Results: The gene expression of BAX decreased significantly in alcoholics and smokers (0.13867 ± 0.12014), while the gene expression of BCL2 increased in alcoholics and smokers (1.91001 ± 0.90425) in comparison with healthy controls (p = 0.0054 and p = 0.0055). Although there was increased expression of CDK4, CKDN2A, and TCF7L2 and decreased expression of GNB3 in smokers and alcoholics, the results were not significant. Conclusions: A toothbrush is a good source of RNA, and gene expression analysis can be performed using the genetic material retrieved from toothbrushes, which can aid in the early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma among tobacco and alcohol users. Further studies with a larger sample size and different durations of toothbrush use should be conducted to explore the role of toothbrushes as a noninvasive tool for disease diagnosis.

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Toothbrushes as a Source of DNA for Gender and Human Identification—A Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Used Toothbrush as a Potential Source of Gene Expression Among Subjects With Systemic Disease and Adverse Habits

Used Toothbrush as a Potential Source of Gene Expression Among Subjects With Systemic Disease and Adverse Habits

A systematic review of patient‐reported dignity and dignified care during acute hospital admission

Role of Toothbrushes as Gene Expression Profiling Tool for Oral Cancer Screening in Tobacco and Alcohol Users

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