Tooth Wear Patterns among Khat and Shammah Users in Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey

Abstract

Aim The effect of Khat and Shammah habits, with the parafunctional jaw activities that accompany them, on the structure and integrity of the natural dentition has not yet been investigated. The literature lacks studies that identify the patterns of tooth wear among Khat and Shammah users. Therefore, this study is the first attempt to address this concern in Jazan City population, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 300 recruits among dental clinics in Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from October 1, 2015, to April 30, 2016. Questionnaires were used for data collection on oral habits (Khat and Shammah use), age, gender, intake of acidic food or beverages, food habits (intake of fruits, grains, and vegetables), systemic diseases, oral hygiene habits (brushing frequency, technique, and type of toothbrush), parafunctional habits, stress, and acid reflux. Clinical examination was performed to assess the grade of tooth wear. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine the empirical relationship between the independent variables and outcomes. In addition, binary logistic regressions were used to measure the relationship between the independent variables and each of the dependent variables (presence of occlusal wear, tooth wear grade 0 through 4). Results Khat and Shammah use was statistically significantly associated with tooth wear (p < 0.05). A significant association of tooth wear was observed with age, gender, intake of acidic food and beverages, oral hygiene habits, and stress. Conclusion Consumption of Khat and Shammah may be attributed as one of the major reasons associated with tooth wear among the Saudi population. Clinical significance The habitual use of Khat and Shammah causes tooth wear of varying severity, which may negatively affect esthetics, phonetics, and function and necessitate a complex restorative treatment. How to cite this article Sayed ME, Hamdi AD, Hakami BM, Mugri MH, Bhandi SH. Tooth Wear Patterns among Khat and Shammah Users in Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Crosssectional Survey. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(6):429-436.

Risk factors of tooth wear in permanent dentition: A scoping review

“…Among all factors associated with TW, the sociodemographic factors were the most frequently studied in this scoping review (68.9% of included studies, n = 188) 2–5,20–197 . Sex and age represented 58.6% and 46.9% of studies in this category (Table 1).…”

“…The influence of oral hygiene habits on TW was studied in 38.5% of included studies, 2,5,20,24,26,30–32,37,38,40,43,44,47,48,50,51,60,63,65,66,68,70–72,79,81,83,85,88,90,94,95,97,98,100,101,104,106–108,110,111,113–115,118–120,122,124,127,129,130,132,134–136,138,142–144,146–148,150,152,159,160,165,166,169,172–174,178,182–184,187,190,193–195,197,199,203,206,213,216,223,224,228,229,233,267,274,275 particularly toothbrushing frequency (15.8% of studies in this category) was reported to be significantly associated with TW in 11 studies out of 43 (Table 1). For example, in a study of 2160 Chinese adults, a daily brushing frequency of ≥ twice a day significantly increased the likelihood of wear lesions 79 .…”

“…Stress/psychological stress was studied in four articles but was not shown to be a risk factor for TW 45,93,124,239 …”

“…Studies on drinking habits were more in the literature, with 56.4% of articles included in this review (Table 1, Appendix ) 2–5,22,24–27,29–34,37,38,40,43,44,47–49,51,53,54,57,60,61,66,68,70–75,77–80,83–85,87,90,91,94–98,100,101,104,106–114,118–127,129,130,132,136,138,139,142–144,147,148,151,153–155,159,160,162,165–167,169,173–175,177–180,182,183,185,187,188,190,195–197,199,200,203–206,211,213,216,217,221,223,228–231,234,239,243,244,249,257–268 …”

“…Dietary habits were also found in the literature, and in 51.7% of articles included 2,4,24–27,30,32,34,37–39,43,44,47–51,53,54,57,60,61,68–72,74,83–85,87,89,91,92,94–97,101,104,106–114,116,118–120,122,124,127,129,130,132,136,141,143,144,147,148,155,160,161,163,165,169,173–175,177,179,180,185,187–190,192–197,199,200,203–206,211,215–217,221,223–225,228,234,239,243,244,257–260,263,267,271–273 …”