Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994–2005)

Niehaus, Andrew J.; Anderson, David E.

doi:10.2460/javma.231.2.284

Cited by 41 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Bacterial infections requiring long-term antibiotic therapy [such as pneumonia, peritonitis, sepsis, uterine and dental infection] (Smith, 1989; Niehaus & Anderson, 2007) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this species. However, until now only six antimicrobials have been evaluated and subsequently proven to have favorable pharmacokinetics for therapeutic use (Christensen, Smith et al, 1996; Lackey, Belknap et al, 1996; Junkins, Boothe et al, 2003; Drew, Johnson et al, 2004; Gandolf, Papich et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Holmes

Bedenice

Papich

2011

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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A single dose of florfenicol (Nuflor®) was administered to eight healthy adult alpacas, at 20mg/kg IM (intramuscular) and 40mg/kg SC (subcutaneous) using a randomized, cross-over design and 28-day washout period. Subsequently, 40mg/kg florfenicol was injected SC every other day for 10 doses to evaluate long-term effects. Maximum plasma florfenicol concentrations (Cmax, measured via high-performance-liquid-chromatography) were achieved rapidly, leading to a higher Cmax of 4.31+/−3.03 μg/ml following administration of 20mg/kg IM than 40mg/kg SC (Cmax: 1.95+/−0.94 μg/ml). Multiple SC dosing at 48hr intervals achieved a Cmax of 4.48+/−1.28 μg/ml at steady state. The area under the curve and terminal elimination half-lives were 51.83+/−11.72μg/ml.h and 17.59+/−11.69 hours after single 20mg/kg IM administration, as well as 99.78+/−23.58μg/ml.h and 99.67+/−59.89 hours following 40mg/kg injection of florfenicol SC, respectively. Florfenicol decreased the following hematological parameters after repeated administration between weeks 0 and 3: total protein (6.38 vs. 5.61 g/dL, P<0.0001), globulin (2.76 vs. 2.16 g/dL, P<0.0003), albumin (3.61 vs. 3.48 g/dL, P=0.0038), white blood cell count (11.89 vs. 9.66 ×10^3/μL, P<0.044), and hematocrit (27.25 vs. 24.88%, P<0.0349). Significant clinical illness was observed in one alpaca. The lowest effective dose of florfenicol should thus be used in alpacas and limited to treatment of highly susceptible pathogens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Holmes

Bedenice

Papich

2011

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…No data was available on this topic in the literature. CT imaging data in cases of disease and on the normal nondental structures of the skull of SAC do, however, exist [1,2,5,6,9,12]. On the basis of the CT images, the best angulations for oblique radiographic projections can now be recommended and are lateral30°dorsal - lateroventral and lateral30°ventral - laterodorsal respectively for maxillary and mandibular arcades, which provides the least distortion of the reserve crown and tooth roots and the least superimposition of the dental arcades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have speculated that premature removal of deciduous caps shortly after eruption can be a potential etiology for dental problems [1,2,6]. As the dental problems in SAC are more frequently seen in mandibular molars [1,2] at the age of 4 to 8 years [2,6] - according to our findings - another possible explanation for this might be that the roots of mandibular cheek teeth were deviated, deformed or shortened and partially destroyed with different degrees of pulp exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Root problems and periodontal diseases are common in South American camelids (SAC) [1-3]. Malocclusion [3,4], periodontal abscess, infection of the cheek teeth [2,3,5,6], alveolar periosteitis or osteitis [3], and oral neoplasia [7] are various manifestations of dental problems in SAC of all ages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the common occurrence of dental diseases and the routine use of radiography [1,5,6,9], little information has been published about diagnostic imaging of the normal dental arcades in SAC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages

et al. 2014

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BackgroundTooth root problems and periodontal diseases are common in South American camelids (SAC). The objective was to evaluate and optimize the imaging technique for dental radiography in SAC and to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) anatomy of normal teeth at different ages. In this study, the heads of 20 healthy SAC slaughtered for meat production or euthanized for reasons not related to dental problems included 7 female and 10 male llamas and 3 male alpacas. Using a standardized protocol, radiographs and CT scans of the 20 specimen were performed.ResultsThe most useful radiographic projections for mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth evaluation turned out to be lateral30°ventral - laterodorsal and lateral30°dorsal - lateroventral with slight separation of the dental arcades respectively. Digital radiographic and CT appearance of the mandibular and maxillary teeth were described from the beginning of mineralization till maturity. In addition the normal range of the CT radio density of different cheek teeth and different dental tissues were measured. Hounsfield units of different dental tissues of SAC turned out to be similar to equids.Deviation, shortening and partial destruction of the distal tooth root of mandibular 09′s and 10′s and of maxillary 09′s was observed and the existence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth was revealed.ConclusionsThe present study provides information about the dental imaging morphology in clinically healthy SAC. This basic information provides fundamental knowledge for evaluating images and planning treatments in clinically affected animals.

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Subcutaneous Swellings

Diplomate

Sherman

2009

Goat Medicine

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Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994–2005)

Abstract: Owners of camelids in poor body condition should be forewarned that such animals are at greater risk for complications following dental surgery. Clinicians should recognize that the number of teeth affected was not associated with a poorer outcome.

Cited by 41 publications

References 3 publications

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages

Subcutaneous Swellings

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