Tonic immobility as a fear response in lizards Anolis carolinensis

Edson, Patricia H.; Gallup, Gordon G.

doi:10.3758/bf03337874

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Both chickens (Gallup, Nash, Donegan, & McClure, 1971) and lizards show potentiated tonic immobility durations when testing is conducted in the presence of a stuffed hawk. The presence of an experimenter produces the same effect (Edson & Gallup, 1972;Gallup, Cummings, & Nash, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Thus, it is not surprising to find that exposure to pretest noise reliably enhances immobility durations in several species (Edson & Gallup, 1972;Gallup, Nash, Potter, & Donegan, 1970;Nash, Gallup, & McClure, 1970). Experiment 3 was conducted to determine if exposure to pretest noise of the type used in studies of tonic immobility would produce similar effects on open-field behavior.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Suarez

Gallup

1981

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Based on a modelwhich holds that open-field behavior is due in large part to an interaction between social separation and the threat of predation, seven experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between tonic immobility and open-field activity in chickens. The results showed that placement in an open field prior to testing for tonic immobility reliably enhanced the duration of immobility. Similarly, procedures that have been shown to modify the length of the immobility episode had a comparable effect on the timing of activity onset in an open field. Since tonic immobility has been independently implicated as a putative predator defense, the correspondence between open-field behavior and tonic immobility was taken as indirect support for the hypothesis that open-field testing contains overtones of predation.153

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Suarez

Gallup

1981

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Anoles and chickens often show head movements that suggest a visual examination of the immediate environment before termination of TI episodes, and the albino rat, which relies heavily on its sense of smell, appears to show a comparable behavior employing another sensory system. The second difference seen in rats was that they required many more inductions to produce TI than either chickens (Gallup, Nash, & Wagner, 1971) or anoles (Edson & Gallup, 1972); also, the rats showed much more fighting, biting, and scratching than these other species. This seems to suggest that although tonic immobility may have developed in the rat as a predator defense, it is not now apredominant response and occurs only after a number of other defenses have failed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: Evidence of an endogenous mechanism

Hennig

Dunlap

1977

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Tonic immobility has been observed in species from all vertebrate taxa (Gallup, 1974) and is usually thought of as a "last resort" in a sequence of antipredator behavior (Ratner, 1967). In anoles, fear-inducing manipulations (e.g., the presence of predators or simulated predation) increase the duration of TI (Edson & Gallup, 1972;Hennig, Dunlap, & Gallup, 1976;Hennig, 1977Hennig, , 1979. In Podarcis hispanica, lesions of the striato-amygdaloid transition area (considered homologous to the mammalian central nucleus of the amygdala) reduce the duration of TI (Davies et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of anxiety- versus panic-like behavior in the wall lizard Tropidurus oreadicus.

Maximino¹,

Carvalho²,

Morato³

2014

Psychology & Neuroscience

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A behavioral test battery is proposed for wall lizards (Tropidurus oreadicus) that consists of inducing tonic immobility (TI) followed by post-TI behavioral scoring. After the induction of TI, the usual behavioral sequence was flight followed by freezing and tongue-flicking and/or thigmotaxis, with flight being more probable than freezing. These sequences were not observed after restraint in a normal upward position (which induced freezing but not TI) or after handling (which increased the probability of tongue-flicking). Alprazolam and imipramine selectively decreased the duration of TI as well as the following flight and freezing behavior. Tongue-flicking was increased by diazepam and alprazolam, whereas fluoxetine decreased it. Finally, thigmotaxis was reduced by diazepam, alprazolam, and imipramine but increased by fluoxetine. These results suggest that panic and anxiety can be discriminated pharmacologically in wall lizards.

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Tonic immobility as a fear response in lizards Anolis carolinensis

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: Evidence of an endogenous mechanism

Discrimination of anxiety- versus panic-like behavior in the wall lizard Tropidurus oreadicus.

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