Tomato Leaf Curl Sudan Virus (TLCSDV) causing leaf curl disease on a new host Amaranthus cruentus L.

Abstract

Amaranthus leaf curl disease symptom was observed in the farmer's field based at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This crop used as leafy vegetables in many countries. In this study, a field survey was conducted in April 2014 and naturally infected Amaranthus leaf samples were collected to identify the associated virus with leaf curl disease. The causative agent was transmitted through whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) from naturally infected leaves to healthy Amaranthus seedlings. The begomovirus infection was identified by PCR by using specific primers. The full viral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification. The presence of betasatellites was also confirmed by using betasatellites specific primers. The full viral genomes as well as betasatellites were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The full-length viral genome sequence analysis showed the highest (99.9%) homology with Tomato leaf curl Sudan Virus infecting tomato reported from the Arabian Peninsula. The betasatellites sequence analysis showed the highest identity (99.3%) with Tomato leaf curl betasatellites-Yemen. The phylogenetic analysis was performed by using both full as well as betasatellites genome and full genome formed the closest cluster with Tomato leaf curl Sudan virus while betasatellites genome formed closed cluster with tomato yellow leaf curl Yemen betasatellites. The recombination analysis was performed and results showed that the associated virus could be a variant of Tomato leaf curl Sudan virus, a virus that occurs in Sudan, Yemen and Arabian Peninsula. This is the first report that about the Tomato leaf curl Sudan virus causing leaf curl disease on a new host Amaranthus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Genetic diversity of begomoviruses infecting tomato plant in Saudi Arabia

“…Approximately forty different plant virus diseases have been described on more than thirty plant species in Arabian Peninsula (Al-Shahwan, 2003, Idris et al, 2012, Hosseinzadeh et al, 2014, Sohrab and Daur, 2018a, Sohrab and Daur, 2018b). The association of begomovirus with various crops such as, Amaranthus, Beans, Chili, Corchorus, Cucurbits, Mint, Okra, Pumpkin, Tobacco and Tomato have been reported so far from Arabian peninsula and the associated begomoviruses are known as TYLCV, ToLCOMV, ToLCSDV, ToLCSDV-Om, ChiLCV, OLCOMV, SqLCV, and BDMV-SA (Al-Shahwan et al, 1997, Al-Shahwan et al, 2002, Ghanem et al, 2003, Idris and Brown, 2005, Ajlan et al, 2007, Khan et al, 2008, Khan et al, 2014, Fazeli et al, 2009, Idris et al, 2011, Idris et al, 2012, Idris et al, 2014, Mohamed et al, 2012, Khan et al, 2013a, Khan et al, 2013b, Al-Saleh et al, 2014a, Al-Saleh et al, 2014b, Akhtar et al, 2014, Hosseinzadeh et al, 2014, Sohrab, 2016, Sohrab et al, 2016a, Sohrab et al, 2016b, Sohrab et al, 2016c, Sohrab et al, 2016d, Sohrab et al, 2016e, Sohrab, 2017, Sayed and Sohrab, 2017, Al-Shahwan et al, 2017, Sohrab and Daur, 2018a, Sohrab and Daur, 2018b). In this study, the association of begomovirus infection to tomato disease has been provided based on virus identification, sequencing and genetic diversity.…”

Molecular diagnosis of begomovirus associated with Chilli leaf curl disease in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

“…The genetic diversity of and variability of TYLCV and Chilli leaf curl virus from Solanaceous crops have been reported earlier from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Arabian Peninsula and South East Asia ( Idris et al, 2012 , Idris et al, 2014 , Khan et al, 2013 , Hosseinzadeh et al, 2014 , Kenyon et al, 2014 ). So far, only a few begomoviruses in the Kingdom such as TYLCV and ToLCSDV causing disease in Tomato, Cucumber, Sponge gourd, Squash, Mentha, Corchorus, Amaranthus, and Okra have been reported ( Idris et al, 2012 , Idris et al, 2014 , Al-Saleh et al, 2014 , Sohrab, 2016 , 2017a , 2017b , Sohrab, 2020 , Sohrab et al, 2016 , Sohrab and Daur, 2018a , 2018b ). The Association of ChiLCV and betasatellite infecting crops has been reported from Oman ( Khan et al, 2013 , Shahid et al, 2019 ).…”

“…The transmission and spread of TYLCV from tomato to Chilli crops shows an alarming situation for vegetable growers in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is well reported that the weeds and whiteflies play an important role as an alternative host and to spread of begomovirus from one region to others with extended hosts range ( Sohrab, 2017a , 2017b , Sohrab, 2020 , Sohrab and Daur, 2018a ). The genetic diversity is a common phenomenon in both plants and humans and favors the emergence of new virus strains/ species and causing diseases in both plants and humans ( Ahmad et al, 2009 , 2018 ).…”

“…So far, viral diseases including begomovirus on various crops have been identified from the Arabian region and neighboring countries like; Nile Basin, Oman, Yemen, and Iran ( Al-Shahwan et al, 1997 , Ghanem et al, 2003 , Ajlan et al, 2007 , Idris et al, 2012 , Idris et al, 2014 , Khan et al, 2013 , Hosseinzadeh et al, 2014 , Al-Saleh et al, 2014 , Sohrab, 2016 , Khan and Khan, 2017 , Shahid et al, 2019 ). The begomovirus and their associated satellites infecting other crops like Amaranthus, Beans, Cucurbits, Corchorus, Mentha, Tomato and weeds have been identified earlier from the Arabian region ( Al-Shahwan et al, 1997 , Ghanem et al, 2003 , Ajlan et al, 2007 , Idris et al, 2012 , Idris et al, 2014 , Hosseinzadeh et al, 2014 , Al-Saleh et al, 2014 , Sohrab, 2016 , 2017a , 2017b , Sohrab, 2020 , Sohrab et al, 2016 , Sohrab and Daur, 2018a , 2018b ).…”

Molecular evidence for the occurrence of TYLCV on Mentha longifolia in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

“…Recently, the occurrence of begomoviruses causing disease in many crops like Amaranthus, Beans, Corchorus, Cucurbits, Okra, Tomato has been reported from Saudi Arabia [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Globally, many viruses infecting mint species have been identified and published [6][7][8].…”