Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes

Wang, Yudong; Song, Erfei; Bai, Bo; Vanhoutte, Paul M.

doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.005

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 215 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Given the likelihood of systemic suppression of TLR4 to disable responding pattern of TLR4 to invading pathogens, modulation of intestinal microbiota via probiotics and symbiotics become a preferred therapeutic strategy for liver diseases, associated with favorable tolerability and safety[13,23]. Besides, certain synthetic ligands of TLRs have been considered to act as target molecules for drug development given their effects on regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, including TLR activators (for infections and certain cancers), TLR inhibitors (for inflammatory diseases and sepsis) as well as TLR neutralizing antibodies[34,37]. Further investigation of the role of TLR pathways in liver diseases addressing the downstream mediators and regulation of TLR signaling, the specific cell populations involved, the role of TLR polymorphisms and the mechanisms underlying liver tumorigenesis is needed to transfer knowledge on TLR pathophysiology into clinical practice in treating human liver diseases[5,23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TLRs are a group of evolutionarily conserved type I transmembrane proteins responsible for innate immune and inflammatory responses[34-38]. They comprise an extracellular domain with receptor specific leucine-rich repeat motifs and a highly conserved cytosolic domain alike to the IL-1 receptor called TIR[13,29,36,37].…”

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of multiple widely expressed TLRs enables recognition of different pathogens and thus initiation of appropriate immunologic response by the innate immunity system[30,42,43]. PAMPs include microbial molecular structures such as Gram-negative related lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Gram-positive bacteria related lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan (PGN); lipoglycans, lipoarabinomannan, lipopeptides and lipomannans from mycobacteria; zymosan from yeast; and DNA from viruses and bacteria[34,44]. …”

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DAMP include extracellular matrix and plasma membrane components, nuclear and cytosolic proteins and elements of damaged organelles[9,34,45,46]. …”

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases

Kızıltaş

2016

WJH

132

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in host defense by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns alongside inflammatory processes by recognizing damage associated molecular patterns. Given constant exposure to pathogens from gut, strict control of TLR-associated signaling pathways is essential in the liver, which otherwise may lead to inappropriate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons and may generate a predisposition to several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The liver is considered to be a site of tolerance induction rather than immunity induction, with specificity in hepatic cell functions and distribution of TLR. Recent data emphasize significant contribution of TLR signaling in chronic liver diseases via complex immune responses mediating hepatocyte (i.e., hepatocellular injury and regeneration) or hepatic stellate cell (i.e., fibrosis and cirrhosis) inflammatory or immune pathologies. Herein, we review the available data on TLR signaling, hepatic expression of TLRs and associated ligands, as well as the contribution of TLRs to the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DAMP include extracellular matrix and plasma membrane components, nuclear and cytosolic proteins and elements of damaged organelles[9,34,45,46]. …”

Section: Tlr Family Distribution Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases

Kızıltaş

2016

WJH

132

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They can protect the host against a vast array of microbial infections (Zhang and Liang 2016). TLR activation stimulates signaling cascades by the host as a defense mechanism against invaders and to repair the damaged tissue (Wang et al 2015). The binding of ligand to TLR resulted in the recruitment of several adaptor proteins and led to activation of many transcriptional factors which drive the expression of cytokine genes (Kawasaki and Kawai 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrients and many important factors that affect the physiological functions of toll-like receptors

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I integral transmembrane receptors involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These receptors are located either on cell surfaces or within endosomes. They are activated by specific ligand leading to the release of cytokines via signal transduction pathway. The excess production of these cytokines leads to disrupt the immune homeostasis. There are several factors regulating TLR expression and consequently affecting their functions. Among these are inflammation, cytokines, some cellular process, air pollution, depression, stress, some drugs, genetic polymorphism, nutrition, and micronutrients. Some micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) may be considered as important TLR regulators, as they have immunomodulatory functions. Vitamins D, B12, and A; zinc; copper; and iron have important role on innate immune responses. Aim of work: This review gives a brief idea on TLR family and attempts to cover the factors affecting the physiological functions of them. Conclusion: Of many factors affecting TLRs functions are micronutrients. There is a shortage of researches concerning the effect of micronutrients deficiency on the function of TLRs, all of which focused on vitamin D but other vitamins have not got the same importance that they deserve. This orients our efforts to work at this point in the future.

show abstract

The role of Toll‐like receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders: Immunopathology, treatment, and management

Saleki,

Alijanizadeh,

Javanmehr

et al. 2024

Medicinal Research Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neuropsychiatric disorders denote a broad range of illnesses involving neurology and psychiatry. These disorders include depressive disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, headaches, and epilepsy. In addition to their main neuropathology that lies in the central nervous system (CNS), lately, studies have highlighted the role of immunity and neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are innate receptors that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems via adaptor proteins (e.g., MYD88) and downstream elements; TLRs are classified into 13 families that are involved in normal function and illnesses of the CNS. TLRs expression affects the course of neuropsychiatric disorders, and is influenced during their pharmacotherapy; For example, the expression of multiple TLRs is normalized during the major depressive disorder pharmacotherapy. Here, the role of TLRs in neuroimmunology, treatment, and management of neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed. We recommend longitudinal studies to comparatively assess the cell‐type‐specific expression of TLRs during treatment, illness progression, and remission. Also, further research should explore molecular insights into TLRs regulation and related pathways.

show abstract

Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes

Cited by 56 publications

References 215 publications

Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases

Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases

Micronutrients and many important factors that affect the physiological functions of toll-like receptors

The role of Toll‐like receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders: Immunopathology, treatment, and management

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About