Toll-Like Receptors and Vascular Markers in Ocular Rosacea

Abstract

Cutaneous biopsies of the eyelid did not demonstrate an increase in the total number of blood vessels. However, the vascular abnormalities that are typical of ocular rosacea represent activated, inflamed vessels, and these phenomena may be mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule and CD105. Furthermore, the strong correlations between toll-like receptor-4 and each vascular marker suggest that the innate immune system may govern the cutaneous effects of ocular rosacea. Intercellular adhesion molecule, CD105, and toll-like receptor-4 may represent important therapeutic targets in the management of this disease.

IL-1α and MMP-9 Tear Levels of Patients with Active Ocular Rosacea before and after Treatment with Systemic Azithromycin or Doxycycline

“…Alterations in the innate immune responses include an overabundance of cathelicidin LL-37, along with kallikrein-5 (KLK5) [13, 14]. There is strong evidence for the role of KLK5, which can activate signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including several matrix metalloproteases [15].…”

Activation of p38 and Erk Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Signaling in Ocular Rosacea

“…14,22 These receptors are well known to promote p38 and Erk activation, 23,24 and these pathways have been shown to mediate multiple keratinocyte responses. For example, TLR2-mediated p38 and Erk activation was required for the inflammatory and antimicrobial responses of keratinocytes challenged with streptococcal M1 protein, 25 Staphylococcus epidermidis LP01 lipopeptide, 26 or Candida albicans phospholipomannan.…”

“…13 Given that these molecules have been previously associated with the innate immune system, follow-up studies were performed to better understand this process. We previously demonstrated an enrichment of Toll-like receptors in cutaneous biopsies of ocular rosacea 14 ; these proteins provide constant surveillance against invading pathogens, and, upon stimulation, coordinate an innate immune response. 15 Perhaps most excitingly, the number of Toll-like receptors correlated with the presence of the vascular abnormalities CD105 and intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 in cutaneous preparations of ocular rosacea, further implicating this variant of immunity in the disease.…”

IL-1α- und MMP-9-Konzentration in der Tränenflüssigkeit von Patienten mit aktiver okulärer Rosazea vor und nach Behandlung mit systemischem Azithromycin oder Doxycyclin

“…Zu den Veränderungen der angeborenen Immunität gehört auch eine gesteigerte Bildung von Cathelicidin LL-37 und Kallikrein-5 (KLK5) [13,14]. Aussagekräftige Belege stützen die Bedeutung von KLK5, das Signalwege aktivieren kann, die zur Bildung von inflammatorischen Mediatorstoffen und Zytokinen, darunter verschiedene Matrix-Metalloproteasen, führen.…”