Tolerance to ambiguous uncertainty predicts prosocial behavior

Abstract

Uncertainty is a fundamental feature of human life that can be fractioned into two distinct psychological constructs: risk (known probabilistic outcomes) and ambiguity (unknown probabilistic outcomes). Although risk and ambiguity are known to powerfully bias nonsocial decision-making, their influence on prosocial behavior remains largely unexplored. Here we show that ambiguity attitudes, but not risk attitudes, predict prosocial behavior: the greater an individual’s ambiguity tolerance, the more they engage in costly prosocial behaviors, both during decisions to cooperate (experiments 1 and 3) and choices to trust (experiment 2). Once the ambiguity associated with another’s actions is sufficiently resolved, this relationship between ambiguity tolerance and prosocial choice is eliminated (experiment 3). Taken together, these results provide converging evidence that attitudes toward ambiguity are a robust predictor of one’s willingness to engage in costly social behavior, which suggests a mechanism for the underlying motivations of prosocial action.

Targeting the Small GTPase Superfamily through Their Regulatory Proteins

“…55 recapitulated Rac1 inhibition phenotypes in cells,a nd inhibited DOCK5-mediated nucleotide exchange in af luorescent exchange assay. [98] However,o nly k obs values are listed for ac oncentration of 50 mm rather than IC 50 values. 55 also affected DOCK1 and 2e xchange activities,a nd no exploration of SAR or improvement in potencyw ere made before using 55 extensively in in vitro and in vivo studies.Itwas later established that 55 acts through an on-competitive mechanism.…”

“…After screening 2640 heterocyclic compounds, C21 ( 55 , Figure B) was identified as an inhibitor of DOCK5. 55 recapitulated Rac1 inhibition phenotypes in cells, and inhibited DOCK5‐mediated nucleotide exchange in a fluorescent exchange assay . However, only k obs values are listed for a concentration of 50 μ m rather than IC 50 values.…”

Targeting der kleinen GTPasen über ihre regulatorischen Proteine

“…55 zeigte wiederholt Rac1-Inhibitionsphänotypen in Zellen und hemmte den DOCK5-vermittelten Nukleotidaustausch in einem Floureszenzaustausch-Assay. [98] Füre ine Konzentration von 50 mm werden jedoch nur k obs -Werte,k eine IC 50 -Werte gelistet. 55 beeinflusst auch die DOCK1-und DOCK2-Austauschaktivitäten und es wurden keine Forschungen zu SAR oder Verbesserungen der Wirksamkeit durchführt, bevor 55 umfangreich in In-vitro-und Invivo-Studien angewendet wurde.S p äter wurde festgestellt, dass 55 über einen nicht-kompetitiven Wirkmechanismus agiert.…”

“…Nach einem Screening von 2640 heterozyklischen Strukturen wurde C21 ( 55 , Abbildung B) als Inhibitor der DOCK5 identifiziert. 55 zeigte wiederholt Rac1‐Inhibitionsphänotypen in Zellen und hemmte den DOCK5‐vermittelten Nukleotidaustausch in einem Floureszenzaustausch‐Assay . Für eine Konzentration von 50 μ m werden jedoch nur k obs ‐Werte, keine IC 50 –Werte gelistet.…”

The Cost of Appearing Suspicious? Information Gathering in Trust Decisions

“…Therefore, decisions that involve trust are both risky and uncertain: there is variability in the outcome given a specific degree of trustworthiness of the other person (risk), and there is incomplete knowledge about this trustworthiness (uncertainty, sometimes also referred to as ambiguity). Due to this uncertainty, it is beneficial to acquire information to determine whether someone can be trusted, which can be done by gathering information about the trustee's past behaviour 3 . However, there are specific consequences to information sampling in a social context; your inquiries might affect the other person's impression of you 4,5 .…”