Tolerable amounts of amino acids for human supplementation: summary and lessons from published peer-reviewed studies

Blachier, François; Blais, Anne; Elango, Rajavel; Shimomura, Yoshiharu; Kadowaki, Motoni; Matsui, Hideki

doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03054-z

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Adding these substances to the diet could be a way to increase the amount of “anti-radical traps” in food. However, the same free amino acids in high concentrations can cause side effects since it is known that they have a “narrow therapeutic index”—this applies primarily to sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine [ 43 ]. All this leads to the need to use low molecular weight individualized substances with caution when formulating diets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Mass of Food Components Necessary for the Utilization of Free Radical Particles in the Human Body

Gorbachev

Nikulchev

Kosenkov

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The article proposes an algorithm for an approximate assessment of the molar volume of free radicals generated in the human body per day. It takes into account the act of breathing, physical activity, food consumption, the influence of unfavorable environmental conditions, exposure to xenobiotics, as well as bad habits (alcohol and tobacco smoking). A calculation of the required set of the most commonly used food products for the disposal of free radicals was made. The calculation is a structure of four blocks with the possibility of adding optional data from human population genetic studies, environmental conditions, etc. In the proposed algorithm, the results of antiradical activity (ARA) of food products are used as input, including the results of predicting antiradical activity using artificial neural networks (ANN), which we published earlier. Based on the accepted values of one equivalent (in terms of the activity of 1 μmol of ascorbic acid), it was shown (for our data) that for the utilization of all free radicals produced in the human body per day, it will take an average of ≈260 to ≈540 g of food components in terms of dry mass (including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.). At the same time, for the utilization of consumed xenobiotics, from 220 mg (in terms of vitamin C) to 260 mg (in terms of acetylcysteine -NAC ) of additional plastic components or 11.5–13.0 g of essential amino acids will be required, which must be taken into account when calculating diets. This approach will be useful in the development of new functional foods, as well as in assessing the possible impact of diets on human health. Another applied point of this study is related to the possibility of using these data for better detailing and selection of food products for people working in conditions of increased radiation (in space conditions), in contact with harmful substances (chemical synthesis and production), for people practicing increased physical activity (bodybuilding and sports), and for the purposes of medical nutritional therapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Mass of Food Components Necessary for the Utilization of Free Radical Particles in the Human Body

Gorbachev

Nikulchev

Kosenkov

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…(1) There have been no peer-reviewed reports of health damage caused by an amino acid overdose [ 6 , 24 ], and there are no differences in the reported adverse effects between countries that strictly regulate the maximum daily doses and those that do not. (2) Using rodent toxicological data, obtained with nutrients ingested by humans at more than 1 g/day, is burdened by nutrient-non-specific complications; therefore, it is inadequate as a risk assessment approach, e.g., [ 58 , 59 ]. (3) Limiting the dose of an amino acid to the extent that a dietary supplement is ineffective without a health risk rationale equates to misleading the final consumer, who may end up purchasing a product that is not effective for its advertised function due to low dosing.…”

Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) There have been no peerreviewed reports of health damage caused by an amino acid overdose [6,24], and there are no differences in the reported adverse effects between countries that strictly regulate the maximum daily doses and those that do not. (2) Using rodent toxicological data, obtained with nutrients ingested by humans at more than 1 g/day, is burdened by nutrient-nonspecific complications; therefore, it is inadequate as a risk assessment approach, e.g., [58,59].…”

Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Chemistry of Impurities in Amino Acids Used as Nutrients: Recommendations for Regulatory Risk Management

et al. 2022

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Proteinogenic amino acids are natural nutrients ingested daily from standard foods. Commercially manufactured amino acids are added to a wide range of nutritional products, including dietary supplements and regular foods. Currently, the regulatory risk management of amino acids is conducted by means of setting daily maximum limits of intake. However, there have been no reported adverse effects of amino acid overdosing, while impurities in low-quality amino acids have been identified as causative agents in several health hazard events. This paper reviews the analytical chemistry of impurities in amino acids and highlights major variations in the purity of commercial products. Furthermore, it examines the international standards and global regulatory risk assessment of amino acids utilized in dietary supplements and foods, recommending (1) further research on analytical methods that can comprehensively separate impurities in amino acids, and (2) re-focusing on the regulatory risk management of amino acids to the analytical chemistry of impurities.

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“…In humans, the tryptophan requirement is 4.0 mg/kg body weight/day. The mean amount of tryptophan provided from all sources is 0.91 g/day, thus representing a usual consumption equal to 13.0 mg/kg body weight/day; thus, this value is well above the requirement [ 9 ]. In addition to being used by the different organs and tissues of the host body, a minor part of available tryptophan, approximately 5%, is metabolized by the gut microbes [ 5 ].…”

Section: The Amino Acid L-tryptophan Is Used By the Intestinal Microb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

2022

Self Cite

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The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Among them, indole and indole-related compounds are produced by specific bacterial species from tryptophan. Although indole-related compounds are, first, involved in intestinal microbial community communication, these molecules are also active on the intestinal mucosa, exerting generally beneficial effects in different experimental situations. After absorption, indole is partly metabolized in the liver into the co-metabolite indoxyl sulfate. Although some anti-inflammatory actions of indole on liver cells have been shown, indoxyl sulfate is a well-known uremic toxin that aggravates chronic kidney disease, through deleterious effects on kidney cells. Indoxyl sulfate is also known to provoke endothelial dysfunction. Regarding the central nervous system, emerging research indicates that indole at excessive concentrations displays a negative impact on emotional behavior. The indole-derived co-metabolite isatin appears, in pre-clinical studies, to accumulate in the brain, modulating brain function either positively or negatively, depending on the doses used. Oxindole, a bacterial metabolite that enters the brain, has shown deleterious effects on the central nervous system in experimental studies. Lastly, recent studies performed with indoxyl sulfate report either beneficial or deleterious effects depending once again on the dose used, with missing information on the physiological concentrations that are reaching the central nervous system. Any intervention aiming at modulating indole and indole-related compound concentrations in the biological fluids should crucially take into account the dual effects of these compounds according to the host tissues considered.

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Tolerable amounts of amino acids for human supplementation: summary and lessons from published peer-reviewed studies

Cited by 20 publications

References 93 publications

Estimating the Mass of Food Components Necessary for the Utilization of Free Radical Particles in the Human Body

Estimating the Mass of Food Components Necessary for the Utilization of Free Radical Particles in the Human Body

Analytical Chemistry of Impurities in Amino Acids Used as Nutrients: Recommendations for Regulatory Risk Management

Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

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