Tobacco use patterns in tuberculosis patients with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in South Africa

Louwagie, Goedele; Ayo‐Yusuf, Olalekan A.

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1031

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The association between tobacco smoking and TB is well described [35,36]. The prevalence reported in this study does not differ significantly from those reported in other studies in Africa [37]. A study in South Africa reported a prevalence of 21.8% while a study in Malaysia reported 40.3% [38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Risk Factors in Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection in Mombasa, Kenya: An Epidemiological Descriptive Study

Yonge

Otieno

Sharma

et al. 2016

IJTDH

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Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease with an estimated 2 million deaths every year. In 2013 the estimated global burden of disease was 9 million cases. Many patients get infected as a result of ignorance of the risk factors that contribute to disease transmission. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the risk factors in pulmonary tuberculosis among patients attending various clinics in Mombasa. Study Design: Hospital and laboratory based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried between May 2012 and May 2013 in Coast Provincial General Referral hospital (CPGH), Tudor, Port-Reitz, Mlaleo, Likoni and Mikandani districts and Sub-districts hospitals. Yonge et al.; IJTDH, 13(4): 1-10, 2016; Article no.IJTDH.23621 2 Methodology: Tuberculosis was diagnosed following standard clinical bacteriological and radiological procedures. Sputa from 500 tuberculosis suspects underwent mycobacteriologic evaluation using Ziel Nelsen smear microscopy, Lowenstein and Jensen and BACTEC MGIT 960 culturing. Consenting participants were screened for HIV infection by enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were required to respond to a structured questionnaire on risk factors for transmission. Data collected from group were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 and for each statistically significant, odds ratios and confidence interval were computed. Results: A Total, 210/500 (42%) of the suspects had mycobacterial disease and 78/210 (37.1%) were HIV co-infected. There were significantly more females than males associated with pulmonary tuberculosis infection (χ 2 =4.26, df=3; p<0.001). Monthly income was significant in disease with 130 (61.9%) of patients earning less than 5000 per month (2.65 (OR=2.65; 95% CI: 1.40-6.23, p<0.041). HIV (OR=2.18; 95% CI: 1.03-4.65, p<0.034), smoking (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 0.13-1.39, p<0.041) and overcrowding (OR=2.71; 95% CI: 1.41-5.62, p<0.051) were also statistically significant risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: Among TB patients in Mombasa Kenya, there was high prevalence of the TB risk factors. Effort should be given in creating awareness of the risk factors associated with TB transmission in order to reduce the rate of infection. Original Research Article

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Risk Factors in Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection in Mombasa, Kenya: An Epidemiological Descriptive Study

Yonge

Otieno

Sharma

et al. 2016

IJTDH

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“…Because the percentages of male and female TB patients were roughly equal, that is 52% of males and 48% of females had TB, it could be inferred that CS is not a risk factor for active TB. However, because there was a high prevalence of HIV co‐infection (nearly 90%), the impact of CS is likely to be minimized due to the influence of HIV . Furthermore, exposure of women to cooking smoke from biomass fuels may have also diluted the effects of the higher prevalence of CS exposure in men.…”

Section: Active Tb and Cs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty‐eight studies have analysed the association between CS exposure and active TB (Table ) . Four of these studies quantified the association of active TB with both direct and SHS exposure, and one examined only SHS exposure (Fig.…”

Section: Active Tb and Cs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coupled with the historical observation that TB rates in boys and girls are similar, it is interesting to speculate whether the discrepancy in the rates of TB between men and women could be due, in part, to greater prevalence of smoking in adult males in nearly all ethnic groups and countries . In a study of ∼2000 South Africans with newly diagnosed TB, cigarette smoking was present in 38% of males but in only 5% of female TB patients . Because the percentages of male and female TB patients were roughly equal, that is 52% of males and 48% of females had TB, it could be inferred that CS is not a risk factor for active TB.…”

Section: Active Tb and Cs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…27,60 In a study of ∼2000 South Africans with newly diagnosed TB, cigarette smoking was present in 38% of males but in only 5% of female TB patients. 54 Because the percentages of male and female TB patients were roughly equal, that is 52% of males and 48% of females had TB, it could be inferred that CS is not a risk factor for active TB. However, because there was a high prevalence of HIV co-infection (nearly 90%), the impact of CS is likely to be minimized due to the influence of HIV.…”

Section: Active Tb and Cs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiologic link between tuberculosis and cigarette/biomass smoke exposure: Limitations despite the vast literature

et al. 2015

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The geographic overlap between the prevalence of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and tuberculosis (TB) in the world is striking. In recent years, relatively large number of studies has linked cigarette or biomass fuel smoke exposure and various aspects of TB. Our goals are to summarize the significance of the known published studies, graphically represent reports that quantified the association and discuss their potential limitations. PubMed searches were performed using the key words 'tuberculosis' with 'cigarette', 'tobacco', 'smoke' or 'biomass fuel smoke.' The references of relevant articles were examined for additional pertinent papers. A large number of mostly case-control and cross-sectional studies significantly associate both direct and second-hand smoke exposure with tuberculous infection, active TB, and/or more severe and lethal TB. Fewer link biomass fuel smoke exposure and TB. While a number of studies interpreted the association with multivariate analysis, other confounders are often not accounted for in these analyses. It is also important to emphasize that these retrospective studies can only show an association and not any causal link.We further explored the possibility that even if CS exposure is a risk factor for TB, several mechanisms may be responsible. Numerous studies associate cigarette and biomass smoke exposure with TB but the mechanism(s) remains largely unknown. While the associative link of these two health maladies is well established, more definitive, mechanistic studies are needed to cement the effect of smoke exposure on TB pathogenesis and to utilize this knowledge in empowering public health policies.

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Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation

Lindson

Thompson

Ferrey

et al. 2019

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Tobacco use patterns in tuberculosis patients with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in South Africa

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Risk Factors in Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection in Mombasa, Kenya: An Epidemiological Descriptive Study

Risk Factors in Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection in Mombasa, Kenya: An Epidemiological Descriptive Study

Epidemiologic link between tuberculosis and cigarette/biomass smoke exposure: Limitations despite the vast literature

Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation

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