Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States

Hayes, Richard B.; Pottern, Linda M.; Swanson, G. Marie; Liff, Jonathan M.; Schoenberg, Janet B.; Greenberg, Raymond S.; Schwartz, Ann G.; Brown, Linda Morris; Silverman, Debra T.; Hoover, Robert N.

doi:10.1007/bf01830240

Cited by 126 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Further studies should include other populations, such as Blacks, in whom prostate cancer rates are higher (Hayes et al, 1999;Gronberg, 2003), to extend the generalisability of the present findings. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk

et al. 2006

Br J Cancer

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In a prospective study of 10 011 men with 815 prostate cancer cases, despite plausible biological mechanisms, neither increasing intake levels of dairy products nor calcium from dairy products (P trend; 0.23 and 0.64, respectively), or calcium supplements was associated with prostate cancer risk (relative risk, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.84 -1.31). (Gronberg, 2003). Although its incidence is increasing steadily in almost all countries, few modifiable predictors for the disease have been identified (Gronberg, 2003). Well-established risk factors, such as age, family history, race, and country of residence, are not amenable to modification and have limited utility as primary prevention strategies.Calcium intake, a modifiable dietary factor, has recently been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggests that risk may be increased by higher levels of calcium, since these suppress 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , the most active form of vitamin D 3 , that inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and promotes their differentiation (Schwartz et al, 1995(Schwartz et al, , 1997Giovannucci, 1998). However, relevant studies have yielded inconsistent results (Gao et al, 2005), although few studies have considered intake from calcium supplementation, that can provide higher doses than dietary intake. Given calcium's importance in the prevention of diseases such as osteoporosis, we conducted a study of the question in a large cohort of men. MATERIALS AND METHODS SubjectsThe Harvard Alumni Health Study, initiated in the 1960s, is an ongoing cohort study of men who entered Harvard University, United States, as undergraduates between 1916 and 1950. Health information is obtained from subjects via questionnaires mailed at periodic intervals. The present study utilises data from a questionnaire mailed in 1988 that included detailed information on diet, and eligible subjects were 12 805 men who responded. We excluded men reporting cancer at baseline (n ¼ 1731) and those not providing information on dairy product intake (n ¼ 60). Of the remaining 11 014 men, we successfully followed 10 011 (90.9%) for the development of prostate cancer; these men represent the subjects for the present analysis. Assessment of calcium intake and other factorsThe 1988 questionnaire assessed diet using an abbreviated version (23 food items) of a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (Willett et al, 1985(Willett et al, , 1987. Men indicated their usual daily intake of seven different dairy products (whole milk, low fat milk, cream, ice cream, yogurt, cheese and butter) using pre-specified responses ranging from 'almost never' to 'six or more times per day.' On the original, longer version of the questionnaire, 13 dairy items were assessed. However, we believe our assessment of calcium intake using the seven items s reasonably valid. While we did not directly validate our 7-item questionnaire against the longer questionnaire, a previous study that assessed fewer items -mil...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk

et al. 2006

Br J Cancer

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“…28,29 Recent studies have reported that high fat diets could alter steroid hormone profile 30,31 and overcooked red meats contain high amounts of heterocyclic amines, 22,23 both of which are suggested to increase advanced prostate cancer risk. 32 Contradictory to an earlier result, 5 it was recently concluded that dietary fat rather than red meat was associated with PCa. 33 In the present study, we did not find a statistically significant association between meat intake, PhIP, MeIQx, and prostate cancer (Tables 2-4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Heterocyclic amines and genotype of N-acetyltransferases as risk factors for prostate cancer

Rovito

Morse

Spinek

et al. 2005

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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A variety of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines are produced during the cooking of meat at high temperatures. These carcinogens are metabolized by Nacetyltransferases (NAT), which are polymorphic in the population. This study examined associations between prostate cancer (PCa) and the consumption of different kinds of meat, heterocyclic amine intake and NAT genotypes. PCa patients and controls were recruited in the Syracuse, NY area. Levels of meat and heterocyclic amine intakes were determined from validated surveys and NAT genotypes were determined by the sequences of PCR-amplified DNA from buccal swabs. A total of 152 cases and 161 controls were eligible for analysis. There was an association between PCa and history of PCa in the first-degree blood relatives (OR ¼ 4.59, 95% CI 2.21-9.70), and family history of bladder cancer (Po0.02). However, there was no association with the history of other cancers. There was no association between PCa and either 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) intake, or NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes. However, there was a trend of association with MeIQx and with rapid NAT2 and NAT1 * 10 in combination with PhIP. A new NAT1 allele with a frequency of one out of 544 chromosomes was found in the Caucasian subjects.

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“…Among the biologic differences, higher levels of circulating androgens [12] and proportions of susceptibility alleles in the metabolism pathways for androgens [13] may contribute to greater disease burden in AA men. An important environmental factor is the high consumption of animal fat, which is reported to be both common in AA diets and associated with increased risk of PCa [14]. Moreover, AA men may suffer more from traumatic stress related to PCa than non-AA men [15,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Variation in Prostate Cancer Upgrading and Upstaging Among Men with Low-risk Clinical Characteristics

et al. 2015

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Background: African American (AA) men suffer a higher prostate cancer (PCa) burden than other groups. Objective: We aim to determine the impact of race on the risk of upgrading, upstaging, and positive surgical margins (PSM) at radical prostatectomy (RP) among men eligible for active surveillance. Design, setting, and participants: We studied men with low-risk PCa treated with RP at two centers. Low clinical risk was defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. Outcome variables were upgrading, upstaging, and PSMs at surgery. Associations between race and the outcomes were evaluated with logistic regression adjusted for age, relationship status, diagnostic prostate-specific antigen level, percentage of positive biopsy cores, surgical approach, year of diagnosis, and clinical site. Results and limitations: Of 9304 men diagnosed with PCa, 4231 were low risk and underwent RP within 1 yr. Men were categorized as AA (n = 273; 6.5%), Caucasian (n = 3771; 89.1%), or other racial/ethnic group (Other; n = 187; 4.4%). AA men had a significantly younger mean age (58.7 yr; standard deviation: AE7.06), and fewer (85%) were married or had a partner. Upgrading (34%) and upstaging (13%) rates did not significantly differ among the groups. The PSM rate was significantly higher in AA men (31%) than in the Caucasian (21%) and Other (20%) groups ( p < 0.01). We found an association between race group and PSM rate ( p < 0.03), with higher odds of PSMs in AA men versus Caucasian men (odds ratio [OR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.47). No statistically significant associations between race and rates of upgrading and upstaging were found. This study was limited by the relatively low proportion of AA men in the cohort. Conclusions: Among clinically low-risk men who underwent RP, AA men had a higher likelihood of PSMs compared with Caucasian men. We did not find statistically significantly different rates of upgrading and upstaging between the race groups. Patient summary: We analyzed two large groups of men with what appeared to be lowrisk prostate cancer based on the initial biopsy findings. The likelihood of finding worse disease (higher grade or stage) at the time of surgery was similar across different racial groups.

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Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States

Cited by 126 publications

References 7 publications

Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk

Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk

Heterocyclic amines and genotype of N-acetyltransferases as risk factors for prostate cancer

Racial Variation in Prostate Cancer Upgrading and Upstaging Among Men with Low-risk Clinical Characteristics

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