Tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking and the risk of head and neck cancer in Nepal

Chang, Chun‐Pin; Siwakoti, Bhola; Sapkota, Amir; Gautam, Dej Kumar; Lee, Yuan‐Chin Amy; Monroe, Marcus M.; Hashibe, Mia

doi:10.1002/ijc.32823

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This region has high incidence rates for oral cancer because, in addition to tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing as well as chewing betel quid and areca nut also poses a major risk in acquiring oral cavity cancer. In a study, tobacco consumption and alcohol drinking were responsible for almost 85.3% of head and neck cancers with a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 24.3% for smoking, 39.9% for tobacco chewing, and 23.0% for alcohol drinking [ 37 ]. The interplay of the trends of the two risk factors to which the highest proportion of cancer DALYs in Nepal could be attributed to tobacco and alcohol use; and their consumption in Nepal has increased during this period [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer burden in Nepal, 1990–2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study

et al. 2021

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Introduction Cancer is the second leading cause of death and a major public health problem in the world. This study reports the trend and burden of cancer from 1990 to 2017 along with its risk factors in Nepal. Methods This study used the database of the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Diseases on cancer from Nepal to describe the most recent data available (2017) and trends by age, gender, and year from 1990 to 2017. The data are described as incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and percentage change. Results In 2017, the age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality rates were 101.8/100,000 and 86.6/100,000 respectively in Nepal. Cancer contributed to 10% of total deaths and 5.6% of total DALYs in Nepal. The most common cancers were the breast, lung, cervical, stomach and oral cavity cancers. The number of new cancer cases and deaths in Nepal have increased from 1990 to 2017 by 92% and 95% respectively. On the other hand, age-standardized incidence and mortality rates decreased by 5% and 7% respectively. The leading risk factors of cancer were tobacco use, dietary factors, unsafe sex, air pollution, drug use, and physical inactivity. Conclusions This study highlighted the burden of cancer in Nepal, contributing to a significant number of new cancer cases, deaths and DALY. A comprehensive approach including prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, and rehabilitation should be urgently taken to reduce the burden of cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer burden in Nepal, 1990–2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study

et al. 2021

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“…The primary national intervention strategies to limit tobacco use in Nepal are prescribed in the Tobacco Product (Control and Regulatory) Act, which was signed into law in 2011. This law requires the size of warning labels on tobacco products to cover at least 90% of the package area, prohibits the distribution and advertisement of tobacco products to children, levies a tax on tobacco products, and bans smoking in public areas, among other provisions [ 42 , 43 ]. Worksite smoking cessation interventions have shown some success in developed countries [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves and Wood Cooking Fires on PM2.5 Trends in Brick Workers’ Homes in Nepal

Johnston

Hawks

Johnston

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Prior studies document a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms among brick workers in Nepal, which may be partially caused by non-occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from cooking. In this study, we compared PM2.5 levels and 24 h trends in brick workers’ homes that used wood or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cooking fuel. PM2.5 filter-based and real-time nephelometer data were collected for approximately 24 h in homes and outdoors. PM2.5 was significantly associated with fuel type and location (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons found significant differences between gas, indoor (geometric mean (GM): 79.32 μg/m3), and wood, indoor (GM: 541.14 μg/m3; p = 0.0002), and between wood, indoor, and outdoor (GM: 48.38 μg/m3; p = 0.0006) but not between gas, indoor, and outdoor (p = 0.56). For wood fuel homes, exposure peaks coincided with mealtimes. For LPG fuel homes, indoor levels may be explained by infiltration of ambient air pollution. In both wood and LPG fuel homes, PM2.5 levels exceeded the 24 h limit (25.0 µg/m3) proposed by the World Health Organization. Our findings suggest that increasing the adoption of LPG cookstoves and decreasing ambient air pollution in the Kathmandu valley will significantly lower daily PM2.5 exposures of brick workers and their families.

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“…The literature shows that the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer and oral leukoplakia in general increases with an increasing dose–response measured by the number of cigarettes per day and the number of years of exposure and declines with the duration of smoking cessation. [ 26 31 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that when combined these risk factors with alcohol consumption, the risk increases considerable for head and neck cancer. [ 31 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic and behavioral risk factors for oral cancer among Florida residents

Curtis¹,

Eckhart²,

Morrow³

et al. 2020

J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent

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A BSTRACT Objectives: Almost 29,000 new cases and approximately 7,500 deaths are directly attributable to oral cancer in the United States. Understanding the impact of specific behavioral and demographic characteristics on oral cancer is crucial to being able to promote early diagnoses through oral cancer screening. This study hypothesized that selected factors would be predictive of the incidence of oral cancer in Florida’s population. Materials and Methods: Approximately 74,000 cases from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) were included in the study. Demographic and risk factors evaluated included sex, age, marital status, ethnicity, race, primary insurance payer, birthplace, cigarette use, smokeless tobacco use, cancer behavior, and other tobacco use. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of 11 risk factors and oral cancer in Florida. Results: Males, Blacks, Hispanics, married individuals, and current smokers were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with oral cancer compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Florida’s health providers need to be aware of the risk factors for oral cancer, look for early signs of oral cancer and recommend routine screenings in patients with history of known risk factors. Including additional reported elements such as human papillomavirus (HPV) history, sunlight exposure, vaping and use of e-cigarettes, and alcohol consumption (by amount) in the cancer registry would be greatly beneficial.

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Tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking and the risk of head and neck cancer in Nepal

Cited by 36 publications

References 47 publications

Cancer burden in Nepal, 1990–2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study

Cancer burden in Nepal, 1990–2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study

Comparison of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves and Wood Cooking Fires on PM2.5 Trends in Brick Workers’ Homes in Nepal

Demographic and behavioral risk factors for oral cancer among Florida residents

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