To Explore the Diagnostic Value of Bulbocavernosus Muscle Reflex and Pudendal Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Diabetic Neurogenic Bladder

Abstract

Objective. To explore the diagnostic value of bulbocavernosus muscle reflex and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials for diabetic neurogenic bladder. Methods. From January 2021 to December 2021, 104 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted to the hospital were recruited, with 57 allocated to the case group and 47 to the control group. Outcome measures included bulbocavernosus muscle response, pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, and bladder residual urine volume. The connection of bulbocavernosus muscle response and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials with bladder residual urine volume was investigated using the Pearson analysis. Results. In both males and females, the latency of the left and right bulbocavernosus muscle reflexes in the case group was longer than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ), and the wave amplitude of the left and right bulbocavernosus muscle reflexes was significantly smaller than that of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The diabetic neurogenic bladder was associated with a significantly longer latency and a smaller wave amplitude of pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials versus without neurogenic bladder ( P < 0.05 ). Patients with a diabetic neurogenic bladder had more residual bladder urine volume versus those without ( P < 0.05 ). Bladder residual urine volume was significantly positively correlated with bulbocavernosus muscle reflex and pudendal somatosensory evoked potential latency and negatively correlated with wave amplitude ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The bulbocavernosus muscle reflex and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials demonstrate great potential as adjuncts to diagnose diabetic neurogenic bladder and correlate with ultrasound results in determining bladder function in patients.

Prediction of early bladder outcomes after spinal cord injury: The HALT score

“…However, it is important to note that the invasive nature of E‐BCR testing has the potential to induce patient discomfort, leading to significant reluctance among a considerable number of patients to undergo the procedure 17 . Therefore, the clinical utilization of E‐BCR for prognosticating bladder outcomes in SCI patients' injuries presents notable challenges 18 …”

“…17 for prognosticating bladder outcomes in SCI patients' injuries presents notable challenges. 18 Utilizing LASSO and multiple logistic regression analyses, our study provided hitherto undocumented evidence that patients exhibiting a positive H-reflex were more likely to achieve complete bladder emptying at 3 months compared to those with H-reflex (±)…”

“…The electrically induced bulbocavernosus reflex (E‐BCR), evaluated through the stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris and recording the bulbocavernosus muscles, offers valuable information regarding the integrity of sacral spinal segments 2 (S2) to 4 (S4), critical for urination control 17 . However, the invasive nature of E‐BCR may cause discomfort, potentially leading to patient reluctance to cooperate and posing challenges in the clinical prediction of bladder outcomes 18 . On the other hand, the H‐reflex of the soleus muscle, commonly employed to evaluate the neurological function of the S1 nerve root and its proximal medullary segment, 19,20 is a simpler and well‐tolerated procedure.…”

“… 17 However, the invasive nature of E‐BCR may cause discomfort, potentially leading to patient reluctance to cooperate and posing challenges in the clinical prediction of bladder outcomes. 18 On the other hand, the H‐reflex of the soleus muscle, commonly employed to evaluate the neurological function of the S1 nerve root and its proximal medullary segment, 19 , 20 is a simpler and well‐tolerated procedure. Given the anatomical continuity of S1 with segments S2 to S4, 21 it is hypothesized that the soleus H‐reflex may serve as a potential indicator for predicting bladder function in SCI patients.…”

Retracted: To Explore the Diagnostic Value of Bulbocavernosus Muscle Reflex and Pudendal Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Diabetic Neurogenic Bladder

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”