To Dope or Not To Dope: The Effect of Sonicating Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Common Laboratory Solvents on Their Electronic Structure

Moonoosawmy, Kevin R.; Kruse, Peter

doi:10.1021/ja8036788

Cited by 73 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…HCl during sonication 26 . It is notable however chlorinated aromatic solvents, reported to polymerise under sonication 26,27 , do not appear as outliers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted SWNTs Dispersion: Effects of Sonication Parameters and Solvent Properties

Cheng¹,

Debnath²,

Gregan³

et al. 2010

J. Phys. Chem. C

169

127

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Ultra-sonication is widely used for preparing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) dispersions in different solvent media and it has been shown to play a critical role in dispersing and debundling SWNTs. The strong shear force which can exfoliate the SWNT bundles during sonication comes from cavitation, which entails a process of bubble formation, growth and collapse. The efficiency of the cavitation process is closely correlated to many solvent parameters, including vapour pressure, viscosity, surface tension, as well as the sonication frequency, intensity and time. In this study, SWNTs were dispersed in a range of organic solvents assisted by tip sonication. The effects of sonication intensity and time were investigated in ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and dimethylformamide (DMF).The aggregation fraction below the dispersion limit of SWNTs in the range of organic solvents was found to be influenced by the solvent parameters, particularly solvent vapour pressure and viscosity. It is demonstrated that the parameters associated with the sonication process rather than solvent solubility 2 parameters govern the dispersion process. It is further confirmed that significant degradation of the SWNTs is affected during the dispersion process.

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“…HCl during sonication 26 . It is notable however chlorinated aromatic solvents, reported to polymerise under sonication 26,27 , do not appear as outliers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted SWNTs Dispersion: Effects of Sonication Parameters and Solvent Properties

Cheng¹,

Debnath²,

Gregan³

et al. 2010

J. Phys. Chem. C

169

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The effect of temperature and concentration of ionic solutions on the output of the device were also investigated. The output current rose with the increase of temperature in 5 M CuCl 2 25 solution as indicated in Fig. 2a.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Both (1) and (2) were resulted from the carrier concentration change of the Si surface, similar to that of graphene and carbon nanotubes. [23][24][25] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both (1) and (2) were resulted from the carrier concentration change of the Si surface, similar to that of graphene and carbon nanotubes. [23][24][25] After rinsing the sample with distilled water, Raman spectrum was surface. The results show that the larger the ionic radius, the less the carrier concentration change of the Si surface will be ( Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the higher the valence of ions, the smaller the Debye length will be. Additionally, the number of the 25 solvating molecules is relatively small in comparison with free ions at high concentration of electrolyte solution. Therefore, we only consider the effect of cations in the stern layer on the Si surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electricity generated from ambient heat across a silicon surface

Tai

Xu²,

Liu

2013

Applied Physics Letters

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These authors contributed equally to this work.We report that electricity can be generated from limitless thermal motion of ions by two dimensional (2D) surface of silicon wafer at room temperature. A typical silicon device, on which asymmetric electrodes with Au and Ag thin films were fabricated, harvested by 2D semiconductor surfaces or low dimensional materials and would contribute significantly to the research of renewable energy. However, this finding does not agree with the second law of thermal dynamatics, and a lot of future work will be need to study the mechanism behind this phenomenon.Self-powered technologies, such as harvesting energy by piezoelectric effect based on ZnO nanowires and from flowing 20 liquids or gases across graphene and carbon nanotubes, have attracted intensive interests.1-7 However, the low output power, as well as the poor reliability are limiting their practical application. Ambient heat, which is a limitless energy source, presents universally as a form of kinetic energy of molecular, atom, particle, 25 ion and electron in gas, liquid and solid states. Recently, we reported electricity generated from the thermal motion of ions in aqueous electrolyte solutions at room temperature by atomic layer 2D materials, such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide. 8,9 Semiconductor surface, which can be reagarded as 2D material, 30 is unstable and tends to be autocompensated because a large number of dangling bonds on the surface results in the appearance of delocalized electronic surface states and unstable Fermi level. [10][11][12][13][14][15] The cations on solid-liquid interface, which are governed by electrochemical double layer, are under thermal motion with a 35 velocity of hundreds of meters per second at room temperature. [16][17][18][19] This unlimited thermal motion can offer the opportunity for momentum transformation between the electrons and the ions and thun excited the unstable electrons to be free electrons.Thus, it is possible to harvest energy in terms of limitless thermal motion of 40 ions by semiconductor surface.Here, we investigated the silicon (Si) devices with asymmetric electrodes configuration to capture such ionic thermal energy and convert it into electricity. Two kinds of metal electrodes with different work functions (Au and Ag) are adopted to achieve 45 Ohmic and Schottky contacts in series for the rectifying function. A possible dynamic drag mechanism is proposed to interpret the energy transformation process. This finding shows potential of harvesting energy from ionic thermal motion at room temperature and will benefit the self-powered technology. , was cleaned in 5% HF for 2 mins to etch the oxidation layer away, then Au and Ag electrodes were deposited on either side of the Si surface by thermal evaporation. 65All the electrodes were sealed from exposing to the electrolyte solution. The exposed area was around 0.3 × 0.8 cm 2 between the electrodes. Fabrication processes of the device are shown in fig. S1. Then, the device was put into aqueou...

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Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

Backes

Hirsch

2010

Chemistry of Nanocarbons

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To Dope or Not To Dope: The Effect of Sonicating Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Common Laboratory Solvents on Their Electronic Structure

Cited by 73 publications

References 64 publications

Ultrasound-Assisted SWNTs Dispersion: Effects of Sonication Parameters and Solvent Properties

Ultrasound-Assisted SWNTs Dispersion: Effects of Sonication Parameters and Solvent Properties

Electricity generated from ambient heat across a silicon surface

Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

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