Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

Backes, Claudia; Hirsch, Andreas

doi:10.1002/9780470660188.ch1

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“…1 Driven by such drawbacks, noncovalent functionalization by means of polymer wrapping, 10,11 interacting with biomolecules such as DNA 12,13 and peptides, 14 and adsorbing ionic or nonionic surfactants [15][16][17][18] has been the strategy of choice en-route CNT solubilization. 19 Firstly, the most broadly used surfactants are anionic, including sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), etc. In general, the noncovalent functionalization provides efficient means to solubilize CNTs via the formation of micellar structures with CNTs at their core.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersing Perylene Diimide/SWCNT Hybrids: Structural Insights at the Molecular Level and Fabricating Advanced Materials

Tsarfati¹,

Strauß

Kuhri

et al. 2015

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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The unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) are advantageous for emerging applications. Yet, the CNT insolubility hampers their potential. Approaches based on covalent and noncovalent methodologies have been tested to realize stable dispersions of CNTs. Noncovalent approaches are of particular interest as they preserve the CNT's structures and properties. We report on hybrids, in which perylene diimide (PDI) amphiphiles are noncovalently immobilized onto single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The resulting hybrids were dispersed and exfoliated both in water and organic solvents in the presence of two different PDI derivatives, PP2b and PP3a. The dispersions were investigated using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), providing unique structural insights into the exfoliation. A helical arrangement of PP2b assemblies on SWCNTs dominates in aqueous dispersions, while a single layer of PP2b and PP3a was found on SWCNTs in organic dispersions. The dispersions were probed by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies, revealing appreciable charge redistribution in the ground state, and an efficient electron transfer from SWCNTs to PDIs in the excited state. We also fabricated hybrid materials from the PP2b/SWCNT dispersions. A supramolecular membrane was prepared from aqueous dispersions and used for size-selective separation of gold nanoparticles. Hybrid buckypaper films were prepared from the organic dispersions. In the latter, high conductivity results from enhanced electronic communication and favorable morphology within the hybrid material. Our findings shed light onto SWCNT/dispersant molecular interactions, and introduce a versatile approach toward universal solution processing of SWCNT-based materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersing Perylene Diimide/SWCNT Hybrids: Structural Insights at the Molecular Level and Fabricating Advanced Materials

Tsarfati¹,

Strauß

Kuhri

et al. 2015

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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“…It is important to note that the length influences CNT toxicity and cellular uptake [22–23]. Surfactants commonly used for dispersion of CNTs include SDS, CTAB, Triton X-100 or sodium cholate [24–26]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

Jagusiak¹,

Piekarska²,

Pańczyk³

et al. 2017

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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A method of dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aqueous media using Congo red (CR) is proposed. Nanotubes covered with CR constitute the high capacity system that provides the possibility of binding and targeted delivery of different drugs, which can intercalate into the supramolecular, ribbon-like CR structure. The study revealed the presence of strong interactions between CR and the surface of SWNTs. The aim of the study was to explain the mechanism of this interaction. The interaction of CR and carbon nanotubes was studied using spectral analysis of the SWNT–CR complex, dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopic methods: atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission (TEM), scanning (SEM) and optical microscopy. The results indicate that the binding of supramolecular CR structures to the surface of the nanotubes is based on the "face to face stacking". CR molecules attached directly to the surface of the nanotubes can bind further, parallel-oriented molecules and form supramolecular and protruding structures. This explains the high CR binding capacity of carbon nanotubes. The presented system – containing SWNTs covered with CR – offers a wide range of biomedical applications.

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“…In chemical methods, the SWNTs are treated so that COOH or NH 3 groups attach to the SWNTs to form hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends that assist in stabilizing SWNT dispersions. Although used widely, this method alters the graphene structure of SWNTs by transforming the sp 2 configuration of SWNTs to the sp 3 configuration, which produces changes in the electronic properties of SWNTs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although used widely, this method alters the graphene structure of SWNTs by transforming the sp 2 confi guration of SWNTs to the sp 3 confi guration, which produces changes in the electronic properties of SWNTs. [ 27 ] The physical method utilizes surfactants, [ 28 ] polymers, [ 29 ] or biomolecules [ 30 ] that, when adsorbed onto the SWNTs' walls, facilitate their dispersion in water. The graphene structure of SWNTs is maintained by this method, but it cannot provide long-term stability of the dispersions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Colloidal Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Water

Devre

Budhlall

Barry

2015

Macromol. Chem. Phys.

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In this article, the results of a focused systematic investigation of the nature, type, and concentration of cationic and anionic surfactants and proteins required to simultaneously disperse single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and enhance their electrical conductivities in water are presented. The dispersibility of SWNTs suspended in aqueous solutions is evaluated via light scattering to characterize the average particle size, particle size dispersion, electrophoretic mobility, and ζ‐potential of the dispersions. It is found that the colloidal stability of SWNT dispersions is influenced by the surfactant charge and concentration – i.e., above or below its critical micelle concentration and for proteins its charge. The amphiphilicity, concentration, and charge of the surfactant or protein determine their surface coverage on the SWNT and simultaneously increase electrostatic and steric repulsion and decrease surface chemical heterogeneity. It is found that the electrical conductivities of SWNT films stabilized with surfactant are as high as that without surfactants, with the added advantage of being homogeneously dispersed in water with significant enhancement in the long‐term stability of the nanotubes in water. These findings suggest that enhancement of the electrical properties of SWNTs requires selection of a surfactant that has strong adsorption, and thus strong interactions with the nanotube – i.e., π–π stacking – and using concentrations above the CMC. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of understanding the structure/property relationships between SWNTs and their dispersants in order to achieve high colloidal stability and electrical conductivities.

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Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

Cited by 30 publications

References 257 publications

Dispersing Perylene Diimide/SWCNT Hybrids: Structural Insights at the Molecular Level and Fabricating Advanced Materials

Dispersing Perylene Diimide/SWCNT Hybrids: Structural Insights at the Molecular Level and Fabricating Advanced Materials

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

Enhancing the Colloidal Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Water

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