“…Tissue lysate samples were centrifuged at 145,000 ϫ g for 15 min at 4°C, and protein concentration was measured using the BCA protein assay kit. Western blotting was conducted with 100 g protein per lane (32). The following primary antibodies were employed: rabbit polyclonal antibodies against cleaved caspase-3 (1:1,000), cleaved caspase-9 (1:1,000), Beclin-1 (1:2,000), LC3B (1: 1,000), p53 (1:1,000), p21 (1:1,000), Bcl-2 (1:1,000), caspase-3 (1: 1,000), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (1:1,000), apoptosis-induced factor (AIF) (1:2,000), cytochrome C (cytC) (1:2,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6; 1:1,000), growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene 153/C/EBP-homologous protein (GADD153/CHOP) (1:1,000), glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa/Bax-inhibiting peptide (GRP78/Bip; 1:1,000), Bid (1:1,000), Bax (1:1,000), caspase-9, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-B/p65) (1:1,000) (ProteinTech Group, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), caspase-8 (1:1,000), Fas (1:1,000), p38 (1:1,000); Fas ligand (FasL; 1:1,000), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) (1:1,000) (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Haimen, Jiangsu, China), p-Janus kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) (1:1,000) (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA); and mouse monoclonal antibody against p-p38 (1:1,000), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (1:1,000), and -actin (1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).…”