TLR9 stimulation induces increase in fungicidal activity of human dendritic cells challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Vieira, Ivy Rafacho; Fernandes, Reginaldo Keller; Rodrigues, Daniela Ramos; Gorgulho, Carolina Mendonça; Kaneno, Ramon; Soares, Ana Flávia

doi:10.1093/mmy/myx126

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This mechanism facilitates the evasion of the immune response of the host [80]. Indeed, differences in the ability of dendritic cells to phagocytose yeasts from different Paracoccidioides isolates have been reported, and this phenomenon was attributed to variations in the cell wall glucan composition [81] (Figure 3).…”

Section: Infection and Evasion Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation

Chaves

Navarro

Barros

et al. 2021

JoF

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The dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily affects workers in rural areas. PCM is considered a neglected disease, despite being a disabling disease that has a notable impact on the public health system. Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that present infective mycelia at 25 °C and differentiate into pathogenic yeast forms at 37 °C. This transition involves a series of morphological, structural, and metabolic changes which are essential for their survival inside hosts. As a pathogen, the fungus is subjected to several varieties of stress conditions, including the host immune response, which involves the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, thermal stress due to temperature changes during the transition, pH alterations within phagolysosomes, and hypoxia inside granulomas. Over the years, studies focusing on understanding the establishment and development of PCM have been conducted with several limitations due to the low effectiveness of strategies for the genetic manipulation of Paracoccidioides spp. This review describes the most relevant biological features of Paracoccidioides spp., including aspects of the phylogeny, ecology, stress response, infection, and evasion mechanisms of the fungus. We also discuss the genetic aspects and difficulties of fungal manipulation, and, finally, describe the advances in molecular biology that may be employed in molecular research on this fungus in the future.

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Section: Infection and Evasion Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation

Chaves

Navarro

Barros

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Paracoccidioidomycosis is characterized by ulcers and granulomatous lesions on the skin, which generally occur several weeks or months to years after the initial exposure to the fungus. Pathogens of paracoccidioidomycosis are recognized by TLR9 [110], TLR4 [111], TLR2, 4, Dectin-1 [112], DC-sign [113], and Galectin-3. Galectin-3-deficient macrophages exhibit higher TLR2 transcript levels and IL-10 production than wild-type macrophages after stimulation with P. brasiliensis antigens [114].…”

Section: Paracoccidioidomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections

Sawada

Setoyama

Sakuragi

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The skin is the outermost layer of the body and is exposed to many environmental stimuli, which cause various inflammatory immune responses in the skin. Among them, fungi are common microorganisms that colonize the skin and cause cutaneous fungal diseases such as candidiasis and dermatophytosis. The skin exerts inflammatory responses to eliminate these fungi through the cooperation of skin-component immune cells. IL-17 producing cells are representative immune cells that play a vital role in anti-fungal action in the skin by producing antimicrobial peptides and facilitating neutrophil infiltration. However, the actual impact of IL-17-producing cells in cutaneous fungal infections remains unclear. In this review, we focused on the role of IL-17-producing cells in a series of cutaneous fungal infections, the characteristics of skin infectious fungi, and the recognition of cell components that drive cutaneous immune cells.

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TLR9 stimulation induces increase in fungicidal activity of human dendritic cells challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation

Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation

The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections

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